Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals through Tap Water Drinking and Bathing in Mueang Phitsanulok District, Phitsanulok Province
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research involved the analysis of heavy metal contamination levels and the assessment of health and cancer risks due to exposure to heavy metals present in tap water through consumption and bathing in the Mueang Phitsanulok District, Phitsanulok Province. Tap water samples were collected randomly from every sub-district. In each sub-district, tab water samples were randomly obtained from one water supply source and three households, making a total of 80 sampling points. The quantification of heavy metal levels was analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study's findings revealed that tap water from both sources exhibited the highest contamination levels of Fe, followed by lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium, with average concentrations of ND-0.249, ND-0.049, 0.003-0.151, ND-0.077, and ND-3.584 mg/L, respectively. Only Cu and Cd concentrations exceeded the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority standards. In the event that the public utilizes tap water for drinking, it resulted in a low health risk over a 5-year continuous consumption period (THQ = 0.73484), a moderate risk over a 10-year continuous consumption period (THQ = ≥1.46968), while lifetime consumption leads to a high health risk (THQ = 7.93090). Additionally, tap water consumption also poses a risk of developing cadmium-induced cancer (CR = 0.0003-0.00144). Using tap water for bathing does not have a substantial impact on health (HQ = 2.66×10-10 to 1.72×10-5).
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Provincial Waterworks Authority. Produce tap water for the provincial waterworks authority [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.pwa.co.th/contents/service
/treatment
Provincial Waterworks Authority. Procedure Handling Complaints Provincial Waterworks Authority: Citizens' complaints about the use of provincial tap water throughout the country [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.pwa.co.th/contents/infographic
Provincial Waterworks Authority. Fact sheets: Public complaints about water quality. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.pwa.co.th/contents/files/info/meeting11-2559-1.pdf.
Sudangam S, Panyakapo M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in ground waterand tap water of the people in non-hazardous waste landfill area, Chombueng district, Ratchaburi province. Veridian E-Journal, Science and Technology Silpakorn University 2018;5(5):32-47. (In Thai)
Krujit S, Pentamwa P, Bothiwichayanon S. Health risk assessment of urban water supply system users in North-Eastern Region. Nakhon Ratchasima: Suranaree University; 2018. (In Thai)
Pentamwa P, Chaemchuklin S, Pentamwa S. Health risk assessment for community water supply exposure. Nakhon Ratchasima: Suranaree University; 2014. (In Thai)
Provincial Waterworks Authority. Provincial Waterworks Authority, Phitsanulok announcement of turbid tap water exceeding standards [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: https://www.pwa.co.th/news/call1662/2020080800000014. (In Thai)
Environment and Pollution Control Office 13 (Chonburi). Interesting Environment: mercury, lead, arsenic, dangers from heavy metals nearby [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.mnre.go.th/reo13/
th/news/detail/9498. (In Thai)
Tapaniyakul N, Kongsuk W. Water quality on toxic heavy metals [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://rldc.anamai.moph.go.th/th/km02/download/?did=191937&id=38359&reload=. (In Thai)
BPK Hospital Group. Imminent danger from heavy metal [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.bangpakokhospitalgroup.com/care_blog/view/45. (In Thai)
Metropolitan Waterworks Authority. Copper [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.mwa.co.th/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87-Copper.pdf. (In Thai)
Food Network Solution. Iron [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.foodnetworksolution.com/wiki/word/2206/iron-%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81. (In Thai)
Kongsuk W. Guide to sampling water samples, packaging and preserving drinking water quality before delivery to the laboratory [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: http://www.oic.go.th/FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER17/DRAWER002/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000178.PDF. (In Thai)
Knowledge Derivatives Research Operations Unit. SizeThailand [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: http://waa.inter.nstda.or.th/stks/pub/2012/20120417-SizeThailand.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2_7evACM76Mu6xmPxWnDP2yDU8vUcUlIeTFy7sDK01XiRhjWEzaN_lmaY.(In Thai)
US-EPA. IRIS database for risk assessment [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=15263.
Kiatsayombhu S, Chai Kliang S. Health risk assessment on the consumption of lead-contaminated aquatic animals from fishery resource in the overflow marsh. KKU Res J (GS) 2012;17(4):671-86. (In Thai)
Wachirawongsakorn P. Environmental risk assessment. Phitsanulok: Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University; 2019. (In Thai)
Bortey-Sam N, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Akoto O, Yohannes YB, Baidoo E, Mizukawa H, Ishizuka M. Human health risks from metals and metalloid via consumption of food animals near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana: Estimation of the daily intakes and Target Hazard Quotients (THQs). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2015;111:160-67.
Thestkatkalek T. Health risk assessment. 2nd ed. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press; 2010 (In Thai)
World Health Organization. Health systems in Africa: Community perceptions and perspectives [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/health-systems-africa-community-perceptions-and-perspectives.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Decontamination Research and Development Conference [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from:https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfmLab=NHSRC&dirEntryId=337451&fed_org_id=1253&subject=Homeland%20Security%20Research&view=desc&sortBy=pubDateYear&showCriteria=1&count=25&searchall=%27CANARY%27.
US-EPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund volume I: Human health evaluation manual [Internet]. 1989 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://semspub. epa.gov/work/HQ/191.pdf.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition (Final Report) [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2023 Jan 16]. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252.
Onuoha S, Anelo P, Nkpaa K. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in snail (Archachatina marginata) from four contaminated regions in Rivers State, Nigeria. Am. Chem. Sci. J. 2016;11(2):1-8.
Optimum Clearly Pure Water. Top 5 heavy metals found in tap water [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: https://
drinkoptimum.com/top-5-heavy-metals-found-in-tap-water/.
Sunsithisawad W, Pachanid S, Sripanidkulchai B, Janposri W, Pitaksanural S, Yuthachaiyungul C, Tancharean, C. Water pollutants and mutagenicity from raw water sources for village water supply by Salmonella Typhimurium TA 98. KKU Res J (GS) 2003;8(1):71-81. (In Thai)
Rakkamon T, Chaimay P, Woradej S, Rattanaphan C. Health risk assessment of consuming tap water contaminated with heavy metals: A case study of the Tham Village tap water production system. La, Lan Khoi sub-district, Pa Phayom district, Phatthalung Province. J Pub Health Dev. 2010;8(2):159-71.
Ahmed J, Wong LP, Chua YP, Channa N, Memon UUR, Garn JV, Yasmin A, VanDerslice JA. Heavy metals drinking water contamination and health risk assessment among primary school children of Pakistan. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2021; 56(6): 667-79.
Michalski R, Pecyna-Utylska P, Kernert J, Grygoyć K, Klyta J. Health risk assessment of selected metals through tap water consumption in upper Silesia, Poland. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 2020;18(2):1607-14.
Nateewattana J, Kim KW, Suttajit D, Thianthaworn W, Kim D.D. Concentration of major elements, trace elements, and heavy metals and risk assessment of water quality for consumption and agriculture at Nong Leng Sai reservoir, Mae Jai district, Phayao province. KKU Sci. J. 2022; 43:749-60. (In Thai)