Determinant of Peri-implant Bleeding on Probing: A Study on Single Implants without Bone Loss
Keywords:
Bleeding on probing, Dental implant, Peri-implant mucositis, Implant crownAbstract
Background: Peri-implant bleeding on probing is recognized as a clinical indication of inflammation in the surrounding tissues of the dental implant. It is an essential parameter for assessing and diagnosing peri-implant disease. Consequently, the management of factors associated with peri-implant bleeding on probing become a crucial goal in the maintenance care of dental implants. Objective: To identify factors associated with peri-implant bleeding on probing in single implant without bone loss Method: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with single implants that had been loaded for at least 1 year. Demographic data and previous relevant treatments were obtained from the dental records. Clinical examination of dental implants was performed by two trained and calibrated dentists, including assessment of oral hygiene status, probing pocket depth, keratinized tissue, and contact point. Peri-implant bleeding on probing was recorded at 6 sites per implant, indicating its presence or absence. Factors associated with bleeding were assessed using multilevel logistic regression. Result: Among 40 patients, a total of 67 implants were included, with an average age of 57.913.6 years. The study revealed an incidence of peri-implant bleeding on probing at the site level of 67.7% (95% CI: 62.8, 72.2%). Factors such as poor oral hygiene, increased probing pocket depth and the presence of a metal crown on the implant were found to be significantly associated with higher risk, with adjusted odds ratios of 14.94, 1.80 and 8.75 respectively. Conclusion: Peri-implant bleeding on probing in single implant without bone loss is a common clinical condition and is associated with oral hygiene status, probing pocket depth and the type of implant crown. Therefore, it is essential to consider managing these factors to reduce the occurrence of peri-implant bleeding on probing, which a critical clinical indicator of peri-implant mucositis, which has the potential to progress into peri-implantitis.
References
Meitner SW, Zander HA, Iker HP, Polson AM. Identification of inflamed gingival surfaces. J Clin Periodontol 1979;6(2):93-7.
Lang NP, Joss A, Orsanic T, Gusberti FA, Siegrist BE. Bleeding on probing. A predictor for the progression of periodontal disease? J Clin Periodontol 1986;13(6):590-6.
Lang NP, Adler R, Joss A, Nyman S. Absence of bleeding on probing. An indicator of periodontal stability. J Clin Periodontol 1990;17(10):714-21.
Heitz-Mayfield LJ, Lang NP. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis vs. peri-implantitis. Periodontology 2000 2010;53:167-81.
Mombelli A, Décaillet F. The characteristics of biofilms in periimplant disease. J Clin Periodontol 2011;38(Suppl 11):203-13.
Jepsen S, Rühling A, Jepsen K, Ohlenbusch B, Albers HK. Progressive peri-implantitis. Incidence and prediction of periimplant attachment loss. Clin Oral Implants Res 1996;7(2):133-42.
Hashim D, Cionca N, Combescure C, Mombelli A. The diagnosis of peri-implantitis: A systematic review on the predictive value of bleeding on probing. Clin Oral Implants Res 2018;29 (Suppl 16):276-93.
Renvert S, Persson GR, Pirih FQ, Camargo PM. Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations. J Periodontol 2018;89 (Suppl 1):S304-12.
Heitz-Mayfield LJA, Salvi GE. Peri-implant mucositis. J Clin Periodontol 2018;45(Suppl 20):S237-45.
Farina R, Scapoli C, Carrieri A, Guarnelli ME, Trombelli L. Prevalence of bleeding on probing: a cohort study in a specialist periodontal clinic. Quintessence Int 2011;42(1):57-68.
Farina R, Tomasi C, Trombelli L. The bleeding site: a multilevel analysis of associated factors. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40(8):735-42.
Liljenberg B, Gualini F, Berglundh T, Tonetti M, Lindhe J. Composition of plaque-associated lesions in the gingiva and the peri-implant mucosa in partially edentulous subjects. J Clin Periodontol 1997;24(2):119-23.
Salvi GE, Aglietta M, Eick S, Sculean A, Lang NP, Ramseier CA. Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012;23(2):182-90.
Silness J, Löe H. Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:121-35.
Papaioannou W, Quirynen M, Nys M, van Steenberghe D. The effect of periodontal parameters on the subgingival microbiota around implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1995;6(4): 197-204.
Farina R, Filippi M, Brazzioli J, Tomasi C, Trombelli L. Bleeding on probing around dental implants: a retrospective study of associated factors. J Clin Periodontol 2017;44(1):115-22.
Nettemu SK, Nettem S, Singh VP, William SS, Gunasekaran SS, Krisnan M, et al. Multilevel analysis of site, implant, and patient-level factors with peri-implant bleeding on probing: a cross sectional study. Int J Implant Dent 2021;7(1):77.
Merli M, Bernardelli F, Giulianelli E, Toselli I, Mariotti G, Nieri M. Peri-implant bleeding on probing: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis of associated factors. Clin Oral Implants Res 2017;28(11):1401-5.
Sorensen JA. A rationale for comparison of plaque-retaining properties of crown systems. J Prosthet Dent 1989;62(3):264-9.
Bremer F, Grade S, Kohorst P, Stiesch M. In vivo biofilm formation on different dental ceramics. Quintessence Int 2011;42(7):565-74.
Abrahamsson I, Soldini C. Probe penetration in periodontal and peri-implant tissues. An experimental study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 2006;17(6):601-5.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของกรมการแพทย์ กระทรวงสาธารณสุข
ข้อความและข้อคิดเห็นต่างๆ เป็นของผู้เขียนบทความ ไม่ใช่ความเห็นของกองบรรณาธิการหรือของวารสารกรมการแพทย์
