Caring for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) none
Main Article Content
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are disorders of neurological development in which the exact cause is unknown. This situation leads to parental stress, anxiety,depression, negative emotional responses, role conflict due to the time-consuming nature of caring for these children, and family financial constraints. For children with ASD,they have behavioral problems, and impaired social interaction and communication. It
is difficult for parents to discover an autism spectrum disorder in their children early because they cannot simply communicate their problems with others. Their general appearance is similar to normal children; therefore, children with autism spectrum disorders lose the opportunity to receive proper treatment and care early due to insufficient parents’ knowledge regarding autism. If these children obtain the proper treatment and care, they will grow up and succeed in their lives and studies. The cares for children with ASD from this study are behavioral and social interventions, and pharmacological therapy. This article aims to review the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and interventional management of children with ASD.
Keywords: Care, Children, Autism spectrum disorder, Interventional management
Article Details
บทความ ข้อมูล เนื้อหา รูปภาพ ฯลฯ ที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ในรามาธิบดีพยาบาลสาร ถือเป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสาร หากบุคคลหรือหน่วยงานใดต้องการนำทั้งหมดหรือส่วนหนึ่งส่วนใดไปเผยแพร่หรือเพื่อกระทำการใด ใด จะต้องได้รับอนุญาตเป็นลายลักษณ์อักษรจากรามาธิบดีพยาบาลสารก่อนเท่านั้น
References
Hockenberry MJ, Wilson D, Rodgers C. Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing. 10th ed. St. Louis: Elsevies; 2017.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5thed. Washington
DC: Publishing; 2013.
Estes A, Swain DM, MacDuffie KE.The effects of early autism intervention on parents and family adaptive
functioning. Pediatr Med. 2019;2(21):1-14.
Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM, AAP Council on Children with disabilities, section on developmental and
behavioral pediatrics. Executive summary: identification,evaluation, and management of children with autism
spectrum disorder. Pediatrics. 2020;145(1):e20193448.
Elflein J. Countries with the highest rates of autism among children worldwide as of 2018; 2019 [cited 2020
March 3]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/676354/autism-rate-among-children-selectcountriesworldwide/
Mental Health Department, Ministry of Public Health.Autistic news [Internet];2017 [cited 2020 October 18].
Available from: https://tna.mcot.net/tna-129472
Begum R, Mamin FA. Impact of autism spectrum disorder on family. Autism Open Access. 2019;9(244):1-6. doi:
35248/2165- 7890.19.09.244
World Health Organization. Autism spectrum disorders [Internet]; 2019 [cited 2020 March 3]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
Llias K, Cornish K, Kumar AS, Park MS, Golden KJ.Parenting stress and resilience in parents of children with
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2018; 9(280): 1-14.
Crowell D, Keluskar J, Gorecki A. Parenting behavior and the development of children with autism spectrum
disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2019;90:21-9.
Ooi K L, Ong Y S, Jacob S A, Khan T. A meta-synthesis on parenting a child with autism. Neuropsychiatric
Disease and Treatment2016. 12:745-62.
State MW, Levitt P. The conundrums of understanding genetic risks for autism spectrum disorders.Nature
Neuroscience. 2019;14(12):1499–1506.doi:10.1038/nn.2924
Jure R. Autism pathogenesis: the superior colliculus. Front Neurosci. 2019;12:1209.
Colvert E, Tick B, McEwen F, Stewart C, Curran SR,Woodhouse E, et al. Heritability of autism spectrum
disorder in population-based twin sample. JAMA Psychiatry 2015;72(5):415-23. doi:10.1001/jama psychiatry. 2014.3028
Nelson III CA, Bos K, Gunnar MR, Sonuga-Barke EJS.The neurobiological toll of early human deprivation.
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2011;76(4):127–46.doi:10.1111/j.15405834.2011.00630
Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA. Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal
involvement and immune imbalance. World J Gastroenterol.2014;20(29):9942-51.
Hartmann A. Autism and its impact on families. [thesis].St. Paul: St. Catherine University; 2012.
Krivichian C. Autism spectrum screening questionnaire for children under 2 years old. Journal of Mental Health of Thailand. 2014;22(1):1-10. (in Thai)
Kunchune P. The development of the screening tool for toddlers & young children at risk for autism spectrum
disorders. Ratchaphruek Journal. 2019;17 (3): 91-100.(in Thai)
Rajanukul Institute. Manual for parents with autism spectrum disorders. 3rd ed. Bangkok: The Agricultural
Cooperative Federation of Thailand.; 2014. (in Thai)
Rutter ML. Progress in understanding autism: 2007–2010. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011;41:395–404. doi
1007/s10803-011-1184-2
McConkey R, Truesdale-Kennedy M, Cassidy A.Mothers’ recollection of early features of autism spectrum
disorders. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2009;14(1):31-6.
Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J, Smith M, Winter J,Greenson J, Donaldson A, Varley J. Randomized,
controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism:The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics. 2010; 125(1),
-15.
Mohammadzaheri F, Koegel LK, Rezaee M, Rafiee SM.A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal
response treatment (PRT) and structured applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism. J
Autism Dev Disord. 2014; 44(11),2769–2777.
Estes A, Munson J, Rogers SJ, Greenson J, Winter J,Dawson G. Long- term outcomes of early intervention in
-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. AmAcad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015; 54(7):580–7.
Rogers S J, Estes A, Lord C, Vismara L, Winter J,Fitzpatrick A, Guo M, Dawson G. Effects of a brief Early
Start Denver Model (ESDM)-Based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: a
randomized controlled trial. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(10):1052–65.
Schreibman L, Dawson, G, Stahmer AC, Landa R, Rogers S J, McGee G G, et al. Naturalistic developmental
behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorder. 2015;45:2411–28.
Bhusiri P, Phuphaibul R, Suwonnaroop N,Viwatwongkasem C. Effects of parenting skills training
program for aggressive behavior reduction among schoolaged children: a quasi-experimental study. Pacific Rim Int J Nurs Res. 2018;22(4):332-46.
Ingersoll B, Schreibman R. Teaching reciprocal imitation skills to young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral approach: effects on language, pretend play,and joint attention. J Autism Dev Disord. 2006;36(4):487-505.
Green J, Charman T, McConachie H, Aldred C, Slonims V, Howlin P, et al. Parent-mediated communicationfocused treatment in children with autism (PACT): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375: 2152–60.
Dekker V, Nauta MH, Timmerman ME, Mulder EJ, vander VeenMulders L, van den Hoofdakker BJ, et al. Social
skills group training in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Child Adoles
Psy. 2019; 28:415-24.
Janzen T B, Thaut M H. Rethinking the role of music in the neurodevelopment of autism spectrum disorder. Music& Science. 2018;1:1-18.
Ghasemtabar SN, Hosseini M, Fayyaz I, Arab S,Naghashian H, Poudineh Z. Music therapy: an effective
approach in improving social skills of children with autism.Adv Biomed Res. 2015;4:157.
Sharda M, Tuerk C, Chowdhury R, Jamey K, Foster N,Custo-Blanch M, et al. Music improves social
communication and auditory-motor connectivity in children with autism. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8:231.
doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0287-3
Wilkins RW, Hodges DA, Laurienti PJ. Steen M, Burdette JH. Network science and the effects ofmusic preference on functional brain connectivity: from Beethoven to Eminem. Scientific Reports. 2014;4:6130. doi:
1038/srep06130
Lai G, Pantazatos SP, Schneider H, Hirsch J. Neural systems for speech and song in autism. J Neurol. 2012;
; 961–75.doi:10.1093/brain/awr335
Sreewichian P. Exploring the influence of music intervention on social and communication development in
autism spectrum disorder. Mahidol Music Journal.2019;2(1):33-50. (in Thai.)
Wetherby AM, Guthrie W, Woods J, Schatschneider C,Holland RD, Morgan L, et al. Parent-implemented social
intervention for toddlers with Autism:an RCT. Pediatrics.2014;134:1084–93.
Han ZR, Ahemaitijiang N, Yan J, Hu X, Parent J, Dale C, etal. Parent mindfulness, parenting, and child psychopathology in China. Mindfulness. 2019; 1-10.
Ridderinkhof A, De Bruin EI, Blom R, Bögels SM.Mindfulness-based program for children with autism
spectrum disorder and their parents: direct and long-term improvements. Mindfulness. 2018;9: 773-91.
Siller M, Swanson M, Gerber A, Hutman T, Sigman M.A parent-mediated intervention that targets responsive
parental behaviors increases attachment behaviors in children with ASD: results from a randomized clinical trial.
Autism Dev Disord. 2014;44(7):1720–32.
McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, Cronin P, Hong D,Aman M G Arnold L E, et al. Risperidone in children with
autism and serious behavioral problems. N Engl J Med.2002;347(5):314-21.
Singhi P, Malhi P. Risperidone in children with autism:randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind
study. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:450-55.
Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, Corey-Lisle P, Manos G,McQuade RD, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of
irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):1533-40.
Bartolomeis A, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F. Update on the mechanism of action of aripiprazole: translational insights into antipsychotic strategies beyond dopamine receptor antagonism. CNS Drugs. 2015;29:773-99.
Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L, Wasserman S, Novotny S, Rusoff J, et al. Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology.2010;35:990–98.
Politte LC, Scahill L, Figueroa J, McCracken JT, King B,McDougle CJ. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of
extended-release guanfacine in children with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptoms: an analysis of
secondary outcome measures. Neuropsychopharmacology.2018;43:1772–78.
Harfterkamp M, van de Loo-Neus G, MinderaaRB, vander Gaag RJ, Escobar R, Schacht A, et al. A randomized
double-blind study of atomoxetine versus placebo for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in
children with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad of Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;51(7):733-741.
Amold LE, Aman M G, Cook A M, Witwer AN, ThompsonS, Ramadan Y. Atomoxetine for hyperactivity in autism spectrum disorders: placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Am Child Acad Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(10):
-1205.