Stress, Fatigue, and Postpartum Functional Status Among Mothers with Cesarean Section
Keywords:
Maternal functional status, stress, fatigue, cesarean mothers, postpartumAbstract
To understand the concept of maternal role functioning it is important for nurse-midwives to promote maternal and infant health as well as the health of the family as a whole. The purpose of this descriptive correlational research study was to explore the relationship between stress, fatigue, and postpartum functional status among mothers with cesarean sections. The subjects were 85 cesarean mothers at 6 weeks postpartum who received service at Kingnarai Hospital, Ban Mi Hospital, Chaibadan Hospital and Khok Samrong Hospital from June to August 2015. The research instruments used were the Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen (1983), Thai version by Wongpakaran and Wongpakaran (2010), the Modified Fatigue Symptoms Checklist by Pugh and others (1999), Thai version by Theerakulchai (2004), and the Maternal Functional Status Inventory developed by Baosoung, Sansiriphun and Tiansawad (2014). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's product moment correlation.
Results of the study revealed that:
- Most cesarean mothers (78.82%) had a low level of stress and the mean score was 14.37 (S.D. = 5.33).
- Most cesarean mothers (76.47%) had a low level of fatigue and the mean score was 49.11 (S.D. = 12.90)
- Most cesarean mothers (82.35%) had a high level of maternal functional status and the mean score was 3.37 (S.D. = .22).
- Stress had a significant and low negative correlation with maternal functional status among mothers with cesarean sections (r = -.232, p < .05).
- Fatigue had a significant and low negative correlation with maternal functional status among mothers with cesarean sections (r= -.216, p < .05).
The findings from this study can be used as baseline data for planning effective nursing care to promote postpartum functional status among mothers with cesarean section.
References
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Aktan, N. (2012). Social support and anxiety in pregnant and postpartum women: A secondary analysis. Clinical Nursing Research, 21(2), 183-194. doi: 10.1177/1054773811426350
Baosoung, C., Sansiriphun, N., & Tiansawad, S. (2014). Development of Postpartum Maternal Functional Status Inventory. (unpublished Midwifery research), Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University. (in Thai)
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Fawcett, J., Tulman, L., & Myers, S. (1988). Development of the inventory of functional status after childbirth. Journal Nurse Midwifery, 33, 252-260.
Gardner, D.L. (1991). Fatigue in postpartum woman. Applied Nursing Research, 2, 57-62.
Hung, C. H. (2001). The construct of postpartum stress: A concept analysis. Journal of Nursing, 48, 69-76.
Hung, C. H., & Chung, H. H. (2001). The effect of postpartum stress and social support on postpartum women, s health status. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(5), 676-684.
Hung, C. H., Lin, C. J., Stocker, J., & Yu, C. Y. (2011). Predictors of postpartum stress. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(5-6), 666-674.
Killien, M. G., Habermann, B., & Jarrett, M. (2001). Influence of employment characteristics on postpartum mothers’ health. Women Health, 33, 63-81.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, coping, and adaptation outcome. New York: Spring Publishing Company.
Lee, S. Y., & Lee, K. A. (2007). Early postpartum sleep and fatigue for mothers after cesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery: An exploratory study. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 21(2), 109-113.
Leung, S., Arthur, D. G., & Martinson, I. (2005). Stress in women with postpartum depression: A phenomenological study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(4), 353-360.
Lobel, M., & DeLuca, R.S. (2007). Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: Review and analysis of their cause and implications. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2272-2284.
McVeigh, C. (1997). Functional status after childbirth: A comparison of Australian woman from English and non-English speaking backgrounds. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal, 10, 15-21.
McVeigh, C. A. (2000). Anxiety and functional status after childbirth. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal, 13(1), 14-18. doi.org/10.1016/S1031-170X(00)80036-7
Mercer, R. T. (1981). A theoretical framework for studying factors that impact on the maternal role. Nursing Research, 30(2), 73-77.
Mercer, R.T. (1986). First-time motherhood: experiences from teens to forties. Springer Publishing, New York.
Milligan, R. A., Flenniken, P. M., & Pugh, L. C. (1996). Positioning intervention to minimize fatigue in breastfeeding woman. Applied Nursing Research, 9(2), 83-94.
Ngai, F. W., & Chan, S. W. C. (2012). Stress, maternal role competence, and satisfaction among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Research in Nursing & Health, 35(1), 30-39.
Ozkan, S., & Sevil, U. (2007). The study of validity of inventory of functional status after childbirth. TSK Koruycu Hekimlik Bulteni, 6(3), 199-208
Park, L. C., Lenz, E. R., Milligan, R.A., & Han, H. (1999). What happens when fatigue lingers for 18 Months after delivery? Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 28(1), 87-93.
Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and child health nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistics and data analysis for nursing research (2nded.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Pugh, L. C., & Milligan, R. A. (1993). A framework for the study of childbearing fatigue. Advanced Nursing Science, 15(4), 60-70.
Pugh, L. C., & Milligan, R. A. (1995). Pattern of fatigue during childbearing. Applied Nursing Research, 8(3), 140-146.
Pugh, L. C., Milligan, R., Parks, P. L., Lenz, E. R., & Kitzman, H. (1999). Clinical approaches in the assessment of childbearing fatigue. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 28(1), 74-80.
Ruchala, P. L., & Halstead, L. (1994). The postpartum experience of low-risk women: A time of adjustment and change. Maternal-Child Nursing Journal. 22(3), 83-89.
Rychnovsky, J. D. (2007). Postpartum fatigue in the active-duty military woman. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 39-46.
Sanli, Y. & Oncel, S. (2014). Evaluation of functional status of women after their delivery of child factors effecting it. Journal of Turk Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11,195-204
Theerakulchai, J. (2004). Factors related to fatigue and fatigue management among Thai postpartum women. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Chiang Mai University.
Tulman, L., & Fawcett, J. (1988). Return of functional ability after childbirth. Nursing Research, 37(2), 77-81.
Tulman, L., & Fawcett, J. (1990). Functional status during pregnancy and the postpartum: A framework for research. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(3), 191-194.
Tulman, L., Fawcett, J., Groblewski, L., & Silverman, L. (1990). Changes in functional status after childbirth. Nursing Research, 39, 70-75.
Wongpagarun, N., & Wongpagarun,T. (2010). The Thai version of the PSS-10: An investigation of its psychometric properties. Biopsychosocial Medicine, 4(6).
Wu, C. L., & Richman, J. M. (2004). Postoperative pain and quality of recovery. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 17, 455-460.
Aktan, N. (2012). Social support and anxiety in pregnant and postpartum women: A secondary analysis. Clinical Nursing Research, 21(2), 183-194. doi: 10.1177/1054773811426350
Baosoung, C., Sansiriphun, N., & Tiansawad, S. (2014). Development of Postpartum Maternal Functional Status Inventory. (unpublished Midwifery research), Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University. (in Thai)
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Fawcett, J., Tulman, L., & Myers, S. (1988). Development of the inventory of functional status after childbirth. Journal Nurse Midwifery, 33, 252-260.
Gardner, D.L. (1991). Fatigue in postpartum woman. Applied Nursing Research, 2, 57-62.
Hung, C. H. (2001). The construct of postpartum stress: A concept analysis. Journal of Nursing, 48, 69-76.
Hung, C. H., & Chung, H. H. (2001). The effect of postpartum stress and social support on postpartum women, s health status. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(5), 676-684.
Hung, C. H., Lin, C. J., Stocker, J., & Yu, C. Y. (2011). Predictors of postpartum stress. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(5-6), 666-674.
Killien, M. G., Habermann, B., & Jarrett, M. (2001). Influence of employment characteristics on postpartum mothers’ health. Women Health, 33, 63-81.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, coping, and adaptation outcome. New York: Spring Publishing Company.
Lee, S. Y., & Lee, K. A. (2007). Early postpartum sleep and fatigue for mothers after cesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery: An exploratory study. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 21(2), 109-113.
Leung, S., Arthur, D. G., & Martinson, I. (2005). Stress in women with postpartum depression: A phenomenological study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(4), 353-360.
Lobel, M., & DeLuca, R.S. (2007). Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: Review and analysis of their cause and implications. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2272-2284.
McVeigh, C. (1997). Functional status after childbirth: A comparison of Australian woman from English and non-English speaking backgrounds. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal, 10, 15-21.
McVeigh, C. A. (2000). Anxiety and functional status after childbirth. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal, 13(1), 14-18. doi.org/10.1016/S1031-170X(00)80036-7
Mercer, R. T. (1981). A theoretical framework for studying factors that impact on the maternal role. Nursing Research, 30(2), 73-77.
Mercer, R.T. (1986). First-time motherhood: experiences from teens to forties. Springer Publishing, New York.
Milligan, R. A., Flenniken, P. M., & Pugh, L. C. (1996). Positioning intervention to minimize fatigue in breastfeeding woman. Applied Nursing Research, 9(2), 83-94.
Ngai, F. W., & Chan, S. W. C. (2012). Stress, maternal role competence, and satisfaction among Chinese women in the perinatal period. Research in Nursing & Health, 35(1), 30-39.
Ozkan, S., & Sevil, U. (2007). The study of validity of inventory of functional status after childbirth. TSK Koruycu Hekimlik Bulteni, 6(3), 199-208
Park, L. C., Lenz, E. R., Milligan, R.A., & Han, H. (1999). What happens when fatigue lingers for 18 Months after delivery? Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 28(1), 87-93.
Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and child health nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistics and data analysis for nursing research (2nded.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Pugh, L. C., & Milligan, R. A. (1993). A framework for the study of childbearing fatigue. Advanced Nursing Science, 15(4), 60-70.
Pugh, L. C., & Milligan, R. A. (1995). Pattern of fatigue during childbearing. Applied Nursing Research, 8(3), 140-146.
Pugh, L. C., Milligan, R., Parks, P. L., Lenz, E. R., & Kitzman, H. (1999). Clinical approaches in the assessment of childbearing fatigue. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 28(1), 74-80.
Ruchala, P. L., & Halstead, L. (1994). The postpartum experience of low-risk women: A time of adjustment and change. Maternal-Child Nursing Journal. 22(3), 83-89.
Rychnovsky, J. D. (2007). Postpartum fatigue in the active-duty military woman. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 36(1), 39-46.
Sanli, Y. & Oncel, S. (2014). Evaluation of functional status of women after their delivery of child factors effecting it. Journal of Turk Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 11,195-204
Theerakulchai, J. (2004). Factors related to fatigue and fatigue management among Thai postpartum women. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Chiang Mai University.
Tulman, L., & Fawcett, J. (1988). Return of functional ability after childbirth. Nursing Research, 37(2), 77-81.
Tulman, L., & Fawcett, J. (1990). Functional status during pregnancy and the postpartum: A framework for research. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(3), 191-194.
Tulman, L., Fawcett, J., Groblewski, L., & Silverman, L. (1990). Changes in functional status after childbirth. Nursing Research, 39, 70-75.
Wongpagarun, N., & Wongpagarun,T. (2010). The Thai version of the PSS-10: An investigation of its psychometric properties. Biopsychosocial Medicine, 4(6).
Wu, C. L., & Richman, J. M. (2004). Postoperative pain and quality of recovery. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, 17, 455-460.
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Published
2019-03-28
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หนุนทรัพย์ ก., เบาทรวง ฉ., & แสนศิริพันธ์ น. (2019). Stress, Fatigue, and Postpartum Functional Status Among Mothers with Cesarean Section. Nursing Journal CMU, 46(1), 31–41. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cmunursing/article/view/180655
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