Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hand Hygiene Among Visitors in Intensive Care Unit

Authors

  • Amornrat Intarashuen Professional Nurse, Nakhonphanom Hospital, Nakhonphanom
  • Akeau Unahalekhaka Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University
  • Wanchai Lertwatthanawilat Associate Professor, Faculty of Nursing, Chiang Mai University

Keywords:

Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Hand Hygiene, Visitors

Abstract

Hand hygiene is the most effective measure in prevention of microorganism transmission and hospital-associated infections. When people visit the hospital, they can acquire and transmit microorganisms from the hospital to the community. It is necessary that visitors practice correct hand hygiene while visiting patients. This descriptive study aimed to determine knowledge, attitude, and practices in hand hygiene among visitors and determine the correlation between knowledge, attitude, and practices in hand hygiene of visitors. Samples included 228 visitors of patients who were admitted in medical, surgical, and pediatric intensive care units of a general hospital from November 2015 to April 2016.  The study instrument used was a four-part questionnaire developed by the researcher which consisted of general information of visitors, knowledge, attitude and practices in hand hygiene. The content validity of questionnaire was assessed by five experts. The content validity index of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 0.95, 0.98 and 1, respectively. The reliability of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 0.76, 0.78 and 0.74, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

            In the study, 71.5% of the participants were female aged between 18 - 66 years old with a mean age of 36.7. Thirty two percent and 46.5% of the participants graduated from elementary and high school respectively. Each participant was visited 2 - 42 times. Forty seven point eight and 23.3% of participants were either the children of patients or the parents of patients, respectively. Seventy eight point five percent of participants used to obtain hand hygiene knowledge, 61.5% obtained from nurses and 42.4% from posters. Knowledge, attitude and practices in hand hygiene of all participants were at a moderate level.  Thirty five point five percent of samples had a high level of hand hygiene knowledge, 43.9%  had a moderate level and 20.6% had a low level, respectively. Forty eight point seven percent and 49.6% had good and moderate attitude toward hand hygiene. Forty one point two percent of samples practiced a high level of hand hygiene, 21.5% and 37.3% practiced a moderate level and a low level, respectively. Knowledge and attitude in hand hygiene of participants were significantly positive correlated at low level (r = .357, p < .01). Knowledge and attitude did not correlate with hand hygiene  practices among participants.

            Promoting visitors to obtain accurate knowledge, creating an awareness of the importance and advantages of hand hygiene and promoting appropriate hand hygiene practices while visiting patients is necessary for hospitals to implement continuously in order to prevent visitors from transmitting microorganisms, especially multidrug resistant organisms, in hospitals and to the community.

References

Birnbach, D. J., Rosen, L. F., Fitzpatrick, M., Arheart, K. L., & Munoz-Price, L. S. (2015). An evaluation of hand hygiene in an intensive care unit: Are visitors a poten tial vector for pathogens?.Journal of infection and public health, 8 (6), 570-574.

Bloom, B. S. (1975).Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. Handbook I: Cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Company.

Cheng, V. C. C., Chau, P. H., Lee, W. M., Ho, S. K. Y., Lee, D. W. Y., So, S. Y. C., ... Yuen, K. Y. (2015).Hand-touch contact assessment of high-touch and mutual-touch surfaces among healthcare workers, patients, and visitors. Journal of Hospital Infection, 90 (3), 220-225.

Clock, S. A., Cohen, B., Behta, M., Ross, B., & Larson, E. L. (2010). Contact precautions for multidrug-resistant organisms: Current recommendations and actu al practice. American journal of infection control, 38 (2), 105-111.

Cohen, B., Hyman, S., Rosenberg, L., & Larson, E. (2012). Frequency of patient contact with health care personnel and visitors: implications for infection prevention. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Patient Safety, 38 (12), 560-565.

Guilhermetti, M., Hernandes, S. E. D., Fukushigue, Y., Garcia, L. B., & Cardoso, C. L. (2001).Effectiveness of Hand Cleansing Agents for Removing Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Contaminated Hands. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 22 (2), 105-108.

Hyman, S. R., Cohen, B., Rosenberg, L., & Larson, E. (2011). Frequency, Level and Duration ofPatient Contacts: An Observational Study and Survey of Physicians, Nurses, Clinical Staff,Non-Clinical Staff and Visitors. American Journal of Infection Control, 39 (5), E178-E179. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.04.298

Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G. (2006). How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC infectious diseases, 6 (1), 130.

Lerner, A., Adler, A., Abu-Hanna, J., Meitus, I., Navon-Venezia, S., & Carmeli, Y. (2013). Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Journal Clinical Microbiology,51 (1), 177-181. doi:10.1128/jcm.01992-12

McAdams, R. M., Ellis, M. W., Trevino, S., & Rajnik, M. (2008). Spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in a neonatal intensive care unit . Pediatric International,50 (6), 810-815.

Munro, B.H. (1997). Statistical method for health care research (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: J.B.Lippincott.

Oie, S., Suenaga, S., Sawa, A., & Kamiya, A. (2007). Association between isolation sites of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients with MRSA-positive body sites and MRSA contamination in their surrounding environmental surfaces. Japanese Journal of Infection Diseases, 60 (6), 367-369.

Olubukola, O., & Asekun-Olarinmoye, I. O. (2014). Hand Washing: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice amongst Mothers of Under-Five Children in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 4 (16), 40-49.

Patarakul, K., Tan-Khum, A., Kanha, S., Padungpean, D., & Jaichaiyapum, O. O. (2005). Cross-sectional survey of hand-hygiene compliance and attitudes of health care workers and visitors in the intensive care units at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 88 (4), S287-S293.

Pengsawas, W. (2008). Research methodology. Bangkok: Suvirisarn. (In Thai).

Randle, J., Arthur, A., & Vaughan, N. (2010). Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. Journal of Hospital Infection, 76 (3), 252-255.

Randle, J., Firth, J., & Vaughan, N. (2012). An observational study of hand hygiene compliance in paediatric wards. Journal Clinical Nursing, 22(17-18), 2586-2592.

Sax, H., Allegranzi, B., Uckay, I., Larson, E., Boyce, J., & Pittet, D. (2007). ‘My five moments for hand hygiene’: A user-centred design approach to understand, tr ain, monitor and report hand hygiene. Journal of Hospital Infection, 67 (1), 9-21.

Wolfe, R., & O’neill, E. (2012). Hand hygiene compliance by visitors to hospitals can we do better?. American journal of infection control, 40(9), 899.

WonganutaraRoj, P. (2010). Academic administration. Bangkok: PimDee. (In Thai).

World Health Organization. (2009). WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: First global patient safety challenge. Clean care is safer care: World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://whqlibdoc. who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf

Downloads

Published

2020-03-25

How to Cite

Intarashuen , A. . ., Unahalekhaka , A., & Lertwatthanawilat , W. (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hand Hygiene Among Visitors in Intensive Care Unit. Nursing Journal CMU, 47(1), 151–163. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cmunursing/article/view/240740

Issue

Section

Research Article