Factors Related to Depression Among Gestational Diabetic Women
Keywords:
Depression, Gestational weight gain, Fear of childbirth, Gestational diabetic mellitus, nurse-midwivesAbstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus is a complication that can cause physiological and psychological change and may affect to occur depression. The purpose of this descriptive correlational research study was to explore factors related to depression among gestational diabetic women. The subjects were selected following the inclusion criteria and consisted of 83 gestational diabetic women who attended the antenatal care unit at Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai hospital and Health promotion hospital Center region 1 at Chiang Mai from March to June 2017. The research instruments consist of 1) the gestational weight gain evaluation form, 2) The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/ Experience Questionnaire (W – DEQ) Form A, developed by Wijma, Wijma, & Zar (1998) the Thai version by Tampawiboon (2005), 3) The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), developed by Cox, Holden, & Sagovsky (1987) the Thai version by Pitanupong, Liabsuetrakul, and Vittayanont (2007). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The result to the study revealed that:
- Gestational weight gain of gestational diabetic women was 53 percent for a recommended weight gain, 27.70 percent for an over recommended weight gain, and 19.30 percent for an under recommended weight gain. The average score of gestational weight gain was 11.69 (SD = 6.06).
- Fear of childbirth of gestational diabetic women was 58.83 percent at a moderate level, 15.70 percent at a severe level, and 3.53 at a very severe level. The average score of fear of childbirth was 50.60 (SD = 17.89).
- Depression of gestational diabetic women was found percentage of 53, the average score of depression was 7.30 (SD = 4.79).
- There was no statistically significant correlation between gestational weight gain and depression. However, fear of childbirth of gestational diabetic women was positively statistically significant correlated with depression at a moderate level. (r = .45, p <.05).
The results of this study provide base line data about gestational weight gain, fear of childbirth, and depression in gestational diabetic women. It could be used by nurse-midwives in planning to prevent depression among gestational diabetic women.
References
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American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2017). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2017. Retrieve from https://professional.diabetes.org/sites/professional.diabetes.org
Bindt, C., Appiah-Poku, J., Te Bonle, M., Schoppen, S., Feldt, T., Barkmann, C., ... & Guo, N. (2012). Antepartum depression and anxiety associated with disability in African women: Cross-sectional results from the CDS study in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Plos One, 7(10), e48396.
Bodnar, L. M., Wisner, K. L., Moses-Kolko, E., Sit, D. K., & Hanusa, B. H. (2009). Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the likelihood of major depressive disorder during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(9), 1290-1296.
Byrn, M., & Penckofer, S. (2015). The relationship between gestational diabetes and antenatal depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 44(2), 246-255.
Caughey, B. A. (2016). Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetrical issues and management. Retrieve from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-obstetrical-issues-and-management
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6) 782-786.
DeSisto, C. L., Kim S. Y., & Sharma A. J., (2014). Prevalence estimates of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS), 2007–2010. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(130415). 1-9.
Ertel, K., Silveira, M., Pekow, P., Dole, N., Markenson, G., & Chasan-Taber, L. (2015). Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and elevated depressive symptoms in a hispanic cohort. Health Psychology, 34(3), 274-278.
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Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Alem, A., Tesfaye, F., Lakew, Z., Worku, B., ... & Tomlinson, M. (2009). Impact of antenatal common mental disorders upon perinatal outcomes in Ethiopia: The P‐MaMiE population‐based cohort study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(2), 156-166.
Heery, E., Kelleher, C. C., Wall, P. G., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2014). Prediction of gestational weight gain–a biopsychosocial model. Public Health Nutrition, 18(8), 1488-1498.
Katon, J. G., Russo, J., Gavin, A. R., Melville, J. L., & Katon, W. J. (2011). Diabetes and depression in pregnancy: Is there an association? Journal of Women's Health, 20(7), 983-989.
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Lee, A. M., Lam, S. K., Lau, S. M., Chong, C. S. Y., Chui, H. W., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2007). Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 110(5), 1102-1112.
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Mautner, E., Greimel, E., Trutnovsky, G., Daghofer, F., Egger, J. W., & Lang, U. (2009). Quality of life outcomes in pregnancy and postpartum complicated by hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30(4), 231-237.
Molyneaux, E., Poston, L., Khondoker, M., & Howard, L. M. (2016). Obesity, antenatal depression, diet and gestational weight gain in a population cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(5), 899-907.
Natasha, K., Hussain, A., & Khan, A. A. (2015). Prevalence of depression among subjects with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: A hospital-based study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 14(1), 1-9.
Olson, C. M., & Strawderman, M. S. (2003). Modifiable behavioral factors in a biopsychosocial model predict inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(1), 48-54.
Pitanupong, J., Liabsuetrakul, T., & Vittayanont, A. (2007). Validation of the Thai Edinburgh postnatal depression scale for screening postpartum depression. Psychiatry Research. 149(1-3), 253–259.
Räisänen, S., Lehto, S. M., Nielsen, H. S., Gissler, M., Kramer, M. R., & Heinonen, S. (2014). Risk factors for and perinatal outcomes of major depression during pregnancy: A population-based analysis during 2002–2010 in Finland. British Medical Journal Open, 4(11), e004883.
Ryding, E. L., Wijima, B., Wijima, K., & Rydhström, H. (1998). Fear of childbirth during pregnancy may increase the risk of emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 77(5), 542-547.
Serçekus, P., & Okumus, H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Turkey. Midwifery, 25(2), 155-162.
Shieh, C., & Wu, J. (2014). Depressive symptoms and obesity/weight gain factors among black and hispanic pregnant women. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 31(1), 8-19.
Sirivatanapa, P., Tongsong, T., Wanapirak, C., Piyamongkol, V., Sirichotiyakul, S., Tongprasert, P.,… Leopreecha, U. (2016). OB Statistics 2016. Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University. (In Thai)
Specht, J. (Ed.). (2017). Personality development across the lifespan. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Tampawiboon, K. (2005). Effects of childbirth preparation on fear, labor pain coping behaviors, and childbirth satisfaction in primiparas. (Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University). Retrieved from http://mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th
Wijima, K., Wijima, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; A new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(2), 84-97.
American Diabetes Association (ADA). (2017). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2017. Retrieve from https://professional.diabetes.org/sites/professional.diabetes.org
Bindt, C., Appiah-Poku, J., Te Bonle, M., Schoppen, S., Feldt, T., Barkmann, C., ... & Guo, N. (2012). Antepartum depression and anxiety associated with disability in African women: Cross-sectional results from the CDS study in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. Plos One, 7(10), e48396.
Bodnar, L. M., Wisner, K. L., Moses-Kolko, E., Sit, D. K., & Hanusa, B. H. (2009). Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the likelihood of major depressive disorder during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(9), 1290-1296.
Byrn, M., & Penckofer, S. (2015). The relationship between gestational diabetes and antenatal depression. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 44(2), 246-255.
Caughey, B. A. (2016). Gestational diabetes mellitus: Obstetrical issues and management. Retrieve from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/gestational-diabetes-mellitus-obstetrical-issues-and-management
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6) 782-786.
DeSisto, C. L., Kim S. Y., & Sharma A. J., (2014). Prevalence estimates of gestational diabetes mellitus in the United States, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS), 2007–2010. Preventing Chronic Disease, 11(130415). 1-9.
Ertel, K., Silveira, M., Pekow, P., Dole, N., Markenson, G., & Chasan-Taber, L. (2015). Prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and elevated depressive symptoms in a hispanic cohort. Health Psychology, 34(3), 274-278.
Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University. (2016). Antenatal book of Maharaj Nakhon Chiang Mai Hospital. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University. (In Thai)
Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Alem, A., Tesfaye, F., Lakew, Z., Worku, B., ... & Tomlinson, M. (2009). Impact of antenatal common mental disorders upon perinatal outcomes in Ethiopia: The P‐MaMiE population‐based cohort study. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(2), 156-166.
Heery, E., Kelleher, C. C., Wall, P. G., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2014). Prediction of gestational weight gain–a biopsychosocial model. Public Health Nutrition, 18(8), 1488-1498.
Katon, J. G., Russo, J., Gavin, A. R., Melville, J. L., & Katon, W. J. (2011). Diabetes and depression in pregnancy: Is there an association? Journal of Women's Health, 20(7), 983-989.
Kittisakchai, T., Sansiripan, N., & Kantaruksa, K. (2013). Fear of childbirth in pregnant women and related factors. Nursing Journal, 40, 12-21. (In Thai)
Lee, A. M., Lam, S. K., Lau, S. M., Chong, C. S. Y., Chui, H. W., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2007). Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 110(5), 1102-1112.
Lokuge, S., Frey, B. N., Foster, J. A., Soares, C. N., & Steiner, M. (2011). Commentary: Depression in women: Windows of vulnerability and new insights into the link between estrogen and serotonin. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(11), 1563-1569.
Luecha, Y., Lertmareewong, M., Lauhachinda, Y., Leesuwan, W., Putwatana, P., & Thanooruk, R. (1997). Research in Nursing. (5th ed.). Bangkok: Siamsilp Printing. (In Thai)
Mautner, E., Greimel, E., Trutnovsky, G., Daghofer, F., Egger, J. W., & Lang, U. (2009). Quality of life outcomes in pregnancy and postpartum complicated by hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and preterm birth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30(4), 231-237.
Molyneaux, E., Poston, L., Khondoker, M., & Howard, L. M. (2016). Obesity, antenatal depression, diet and gestational weight gain in a population cohort study. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(5), 899-907.
Natasha, K., Hussain, A., & Khan, A. A. (2015). Prevalence of depression among subjects with and without gestational diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh: A hospital-based study. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 14(1), 1-9.
Olson, C. M., & Strawderman, M. S. (2003). Modifiable behavioral factors in a biopsychosocial model predict inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103(1), 48-54.
Pitanupong, J., Liabsuetrakul, T., & Vittayanont, A. (2007). Validation of the Thai Edinburgh postnatal depression scale for screening postpartum depression. Psychiatry Research. 149(1-3), 253–259.
Räisänen, S., Lehto, S. M., Nielsen, H. S., Gissler, M., Kramer, M. R., & Heinonen, S. (2014). Risk factors for and perinatal outcomes of major depression during pregnancy: A population-based analysis during 2002–2010 in Finland. British Medical Journal Open, 4(11), e004883.
Ryding, E. L., Wijima, B., Wijima, K., & Rydhström, H. (1998). Fear of childbirth during pregnancy may increase the risk of emergency cesarean section. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 77(5), 542-547.
Serçekus, P., & Okumus, H. (2009). Fears associated with childbirth among nulliparous women in Turkey. Midwifery, 25(2), 155-162.
Shieh, C., & Wu, J. (2014). Depressive symptoms and obesity/weight gain factors among black and hispanic pregnant women. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 31(1), 8-19.
Sirivatanapa, P., Tongsong, T., Wanapirak, C., Piyamongkol, V., Sirichotiyakul, S., Tongprasert, P.,… Leopreecha, U. (2016). OB Statistics 2016. Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University. (In Thai)
Specht, J. (Ed.). (2017). Personality development across the lifespan. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Tampawiboon, K. (2005). Effects of childbirth preparation on fear, labor pain coping behaviors, and childbirth satisfaction in primiparas. (Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University). Retrieved from http://mulinet11.li.mahidol.ac.th
Wijima, K., Wijima, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; A new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(2), 84-97.
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Published
2021-03-29
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Bangsuwan , S. . . ., Kantaruksa , K. . . . . . . ., & Chaloumsuk , N. . . . . . . . (2021). Factors Related to Depression Among Gestational Diabetic Women. Nursing Journal CMU, 48(1), 234–244. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cmunursing/article/view/250257
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