Factors Related to Anxiety of First-time Expectant Fathers
Keywords:
Anxiety, Self-esteem, Social support, First-time expectant fatherAbstract
First-time expectant fathers usually have anxiety because they are concerned about the health of the fetus and their wives during pregnancy. The purpose of this descriptive correlational research study was to explore self-esteem, social support, age and anxiety of first-time expectant fathers. The subjects were selected following the inclusion criteria and consisted of 85 first-time expectant fathers who brought their wives to the antenatal clinic at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital and Chiang Mai Health Promoting Hospital from February to April 2017. The research tools were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] form Y-1 by Spielberger (1976), Thai version by Tatree Nontasak, Sompoch Iamsupasit, and Darawan Thapinta (1991), the Self-Esteem Visual Analog scale by Nawanant Piyavhatkul et al. (2011) and the Expectant Fathers Social Support Questionnaire developed by Phurichaya Janprasert (2005) based on the social support concept by House (1981). Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s Product moment correlation were used to analyze the data.
Results of the study revealed that:
- Subjects had a mean score for anxiety of 40.02 (S.D. = 8.11). Subjects had either a mild or a moderate level of anxiety, 54.10 % or 45.90 %, respectively;
- Subjects had a mean score for self-esteem of 80.05 (S.D. = 15.59);
- Subjects had a mean score for social support of 77.29 (S.D. = 11.85);
- Subject had a mean age of 28.35 years (S.D. = 4.70). Subjects (70.60 %) were between the ages of 20 – 30 years old; and
- Self-esteem and social support had a negatively statistically significant correlation with the anxiety of first-time expectant fathers (r = -.44, p < .01; r = -.50, p < .01, respectively) while there was no correlation between age and anxiety of first-time expectant fathers.
These findings suggest that first-time expectant fathers should be assessed for anxiety. Nurse midwives should provide strategies to decrease anxiety by providing support to meet the needs of the expectant fathers.
References
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Charuloedphong, R. (2016). Factors Related to Anxiety of First-time Fathers During Labour (Master’s thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand).
Condon, J. T., Boyce, P., & Corkindale, C. J. (2004). The first-time fathers study: A prospective study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to parenthood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(1-2), 56-64.
Dehle, C., & Weiss, R. L. (2002). Associations between anxiety and marital adjustment. The Journal of Psychology, 136(3), 328-338.
Diamond, M. J. (1986). Becoming a father: A psychoanalytic perspective on the forgotten parent. Psychoanalytic Review, 73(4), 445-468.
Finnbogadóttir, H., Svalenius, E. C., & Persson, E. K. (2003). Expectant first-time fathers’ experiences of pregnancy. Midwifery, 19(2), 96-105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(03)00003-2
Gerzi, S., & Berman, E. (1981). Emotional reactions of expectant fathers to their wives' first pregnancy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 54(3), 259-265.
Glazer, G. (1989). Anxiety and stressors of expectant fathers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 11(1), 47-59.
Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2008). Pattern of perceived stress and anxiety in pregnancy predicts preterm birth. Health Psychology, 27(1), 43-51. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.43
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House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Janprasert, P. (2005). Factors influencing on paternal developmental taks perceived by husbands of the primigravidarum pregnant women in Suphanburi province (Master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand). (In Thai)
Kaewya, P., Sansiriphun, N., & Baosoung, C. (2014). Fear of childbirth among first time expectant fathers and related factors. Nursing Journal, 41(3), 13-23. (In Thai)
Koh, Y., Lee, A., Chan, C., Fong, D., Lee, C., Leung, K., & Tang, C. (2015). Survey on examining prevalence of paternal anxiety and its risk factors in perinatal period in Hong Kong: A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-15.
Kohrt, B. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2009). Gender and anxiety in Nepal: The role of social support, stressful life events, and structural violence. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 15(3), 237-248.
Kurki, T., Hiilesmaa, V., Raitasalo, R., Mattila, H., & Ylikorkala, O. (2000). Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 95(4), 487-490.
Lowdermilk, D. L., Perry, S. E., Cashion, K. C., & Alden, K. R. (2016). Maternity & Women's Health Care (11th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Piyavhatkul, N., Aroonpongpaisal, S., Patjanasoontorn, N., Rongbutsri, S., Maneeganondh, S., & Pimpanit, W. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale-Thai version as compared to the self-esteem visual analog scale. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand Chotmaihet Thangphaet, 94(7), 857-62.
Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistic and data analysis for nursing research (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Ratchukul, S. & Sopajaree, C. (2001). Anxiety of first-time expectant parents in high-risk pregnancy (Research report). Bangkok: Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Roohafza, H. R., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., Mohammadi, N., Feizi, A., Taslimi, M., & Adibi, P. (2014). What’s the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(10), 944–949.
Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rubertsson, C., Hellström, J., Cross, M., & Sydsjö, G. (2014). Anxiety in early pregnancy: Prevalence and contributing factors. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 17(3), 221-228. doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
Sansiriphun, N., Kantaruksa, K., Klunklin, A., Baosuang, C., & Jordan, P. (2010). Thai men becoming a first-time father. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(4), 403-409. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00549.x
Spielberger, C. D. (Ed). (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. New York and London: Academic press.
Spielberger, C.D. (1976). The nature and measurement of anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger, & R.Diaz-Guerrero (Eds), Cross – cultural anxiety (pp. 3-12). Washington: Hemisphere.
Stuart, G. W. (2013). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (10th ed). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Teixeira, C., Figueiredo, B., Conde, A., Pacheco, A., & Costa, R. (2009). Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1), 142-148.
Thapinta, D. (1991). Reduction of anxiety of staff nursing working with AIDS patients through cognitive reconstructuring and mindfulness training (Doctoral Dissertation, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand). (In Thai)
Turakitwannakan, W. & Watanapanyasakul, R. (2015). Self-esteem. Bangkok: Khianaksorn printing. (In Thai)
Wong, J. Y., & Fong, D. Y. (2015). Anxiety mediates the impact of stress on psychosomatic symptoms in Chinese. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 20(4), 457-468. (In Thai)
Yoelao, D., Vanindananda, N., Wongarsa, C., & Thongpukdee, T. (2002). Strength of the family: A healthy family. Journal of Behavioral Science, 8(1), 1-10. (In Thai)
Bjelland, I., Krokstad, S., Mykletum, A., Dahl, A. A., Tell, G. S., & Tambs, K. (2008). Does a higher educational level protect against anxiety and depression? the HUNT study. Social Science and Medicine, 66(6), 1334-45. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.019
Buist, A., Morse, C. A., & Durkin, S. (2003). Men's adjustment to fatherhood: Implications for obstetric health care. Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing, 32(2), 172-180.
Charuloedphong, R. (2016). Factors Related to Anxiety of First-time Fathers During Labour (Master’s thesis, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand).
Condon, J. T., Boyce, P., & Corkindale, C. J. (2004). The first-time fathers study: A prospective study of the mental health and wellbeing of men during the transition to parenthood. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38(1-2), 56-64.
Dehle, C., & Weiss, R. L. (2002). Associations between anxiety and marital adjustment. The Journal of Psychology, 136(3), 328-338.
Diamond, M. J. (1986). Becoming a father: A psychoanalytic perspective on the forgotten parent. Psychoanalytic Review, 73(4), 445-468.
Finnbogadóttir, H., Svalenius, E. C., & Persson, E. K. (2003). Expectant first-time fathers’ experiences of pregnancy. Midwifery, 19(2), 96-105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(03)00003-2
Gerzi, S., & Berman, E. (1981). Emotional reactions of expectant fathers to their wives' first pregnancy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 54(3), 259-265.
Glazer, G. (1989). Anxiety and stressors of expectant fathers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 11(1), 47-59.
Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., & Sandman, C. A. (2008). Pattern of perceived stress and anxiety in pregnancy predicts preterm birth. Health Psychology, 27(1), 43-51. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.1.43
Hjelmstedt, A., & Collins, A. (2008). Psychological functioning and predictors of father-infant relationship in IVF fathers and controls. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(1), 72-78.
House, J.S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
Janprasert, P. (2005). Factors influencing on paternal developmental taks perceived by husbands of the primigravidarum pregnant women in Suphanburi province (Master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand). (In Thai)
Kaewya, P., Sansiriphun, N., & Baosoung, C. (2014). Fear of childbirth among first time expectant fathers and related factors. Nursing Journal, 41(3), 13-23. (In Thai)
Koh, Y., Lee, A., Chan, C., Fong, D., Lee, C., Leung, K., & Tang, C. (2015). Survey on examining prevalence of paternal anxiety and its risk factors in perinatal period in Hong Kong: A longitudinal study. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-15.
Kohrt, B. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2009). Gender and anxiety in Nepal: The role of social support, stressful life events, and structural violence. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 15(3), 237-248.
Kurki, T., Hiilesmaa, V., Raitasalo, R., Mattila, H., & Ylikorkala, O. (2000). Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 95(4), 487-490.
Lowdermilk, D. L., Perry, S. E., Cashion, K. C., & Alden, K. R. (2016). Maternity & Women's Health Care (11th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Piyavhatkul, N., Aroonpongpaisal, S., Patjanasoontorn, N., Rongbutsri, S., Maneeganondh, S., & Pimpanit, W. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale-Thai version as compared to the self-esteem visual analog scale. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand Chotmaihet Thangphaet, 94(7), 857-62.
Polit, D. F. (2010). Statistic and data analysis for nursing research (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
Ratchukul, S. & Sopajaree, C. (2001). Anxiety of first-time expectant parents in high-risk pregnancy (Research report). Bangkok: Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University.
Roohafza, H. R., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., Mohammadi, N., Feizi, A., Taslimi, M., & Adibi, P. (2014). What’s the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(10), 944–949.
Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image (Rev. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rubertsson, C., Hellström, J., Cross, M., & Sydsjö, G. (2014). Anxiety in early pregnancy: Prevalence and contributing factors. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 17(3), 221-228. doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0409-0
Sansiriphun, N., Kantaruksa, K., Klunklin, A., Baosuang, C., & Jordan, P. (2010). Thai men becoming a first-time father. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(4), 403-409. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00549.x
Spielberger, C. D. (Ed). (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. New York and London: Academic press.
Spielberger, C.D. (1976). The nature and measurement of anxiety. In C.D. Spielberger, & R.Diaz-Guerrero (Eds), Cross – cultural anxiety (pp. 3-12). Washington: Hemisphere.
Stuart, G. W. (2013). Principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (10th ed). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
Teixeira, C., Figueiredo, B., Conde, A., Pacheco, A., & Costa, R. (2009). Anxiety and depression during pregnancy in women and men. Journal of Affective Disorders, 119(1), 142-148.
Thapinta, D. (1991). Reduction of anxiety of staff nursing working with AIDS patients through cognitive reconstructuring and mindfulness training (Doctoral Dissertation, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand). (In Thai)
Turakitwannakan, W. & Watanapanyasakul, R. (2015). Self-esteem. Bangkok: Khianaksorn printing. (In Thai)
Wong, J. Y., & Fong, D. Y. (2015). Anxiety mediates the impact of stress on psychosomatic symptoms in Chinese. Psychology, Health and Medicine, 20(4), 457-468. (In Thai)
Yoelao, D., Vanindananda, N., Wongarsa, C., & Thongpukdee, T. (2002). Strength of the family: A healthy family. Journal of Behavioral Science, 8(1), 1-10. (In Thai)
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Published
2021-03-29
How to Cite
Kanjanakaew , A., Sansiriphun , N., & Baosoung , C. (2021). Factors Related to Anxiety of First-time Expectant Fathers. Nursing Journal CMU, 48(1), 257–268. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/cmunursing/article/view/250259
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