Emotional Labor and Job Stress Among Nurses in Private Hospitals
Keywords:
Emotional labor, Job stress, Nurses, Private hospitalsAbstract
Emotional labor and job stress among nurses are significant in relation to their quality of life and work performance. This descriptive correlational research aimed to investigate emotional labor, job stress, and the association between emotional labor and job stress among nurses working in two private hospitals in Bangkok. The study included 386 participants. A simple random sampling technique was used to reach the study sample according to the proportion of nurses in each hospital. The research instruments consisted of two questionnaires: the Emotional Labor Scale for Nurses and the Korean Occupational Stress Scale-Short Form (KOSS-SF), translated into Thai. These instruments were tested for reliability, with results of .84 and .94, respectively. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and the point biserial correlation coefficient.
The results revealed that the overall level of emotional labor among the sample group was moderate (80.31%), (M = 61.82, SD = 5.52). Regarding specific aspects of emotional labor, the sample group also showed a moderate level of emotional labor in terms of emotional pretense by norms, patient-focused emotional suppression, and emotional control effort in profession, with percentages of 84.20%, 82.64%, and 76.94%, respectively. Regarding job stress, the sample group experienced high stress levels (M = 57.80, SD = 5.54). When examining specific dimensions of job stress, the highest average scores were found for job demand (M = 81.76, SD = 1.44) followed by job insecurity (M = 72.52, SD = 1.61). There was a significant positive correlation between overall emotional labor and job stress at a low level (r = 0.176, p < 0.001). When considering specific dimensions, emotional control effort in profession and patient-focused emotional suppression showed a significant positive low-level correlation with job stress (r = 0.241, p < 0.001, r = 0.134, p < 0.001, respectively).
The results of this study indicate that occupational health nurses and related personnel should recognize the development of awareness about emotional labor and job stress among nurses in private hospitals with appropriate mental health promotion activities. This can lead to improved efficiency in their work performance and overall well-being.
References
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003). Development and validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317903769647229
Chang, S. J., Koh, S. B., Kang, D. M., Kim, S. A., Kang, M. G., Lee, C. G., Chung, J. J., Cho, J. J., Son, M., Chae, C. H., Kim, J. W., Kim, J. I., Kim, H. S., Roh, S. C., Park, J. B., Woo, J. M., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. Y., Ha, M., … Son, D. K. (2005). Developing an occupational stress scale for Korean employees. Korean Journal of Occupational and Environment Medicine, 17(4), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.35371/kjoem.2005.17.4.297
Chatzigianni, D., Tsounis, A., Markopoulos, N., & Sarafis, P. (2018). Occupational stress experienced by nurses working in a Greek Regional Hospital: A cross-sectional study. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(6), 450-457.
Cheung, F. Y. L., & Tang, C. S. K. (2010). Effects of age, gender, and emotional labor strategies on job outcomes: Moderated mediation analyses. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 2(3), 323-339.
Chuaychoo, I., & Tunjoy, R. (2022). The influence of emotional labor on job stress and satisfaction among flight attendants in full-service airlines based in Thailand. ABAC Journal, 42(1), 160-178.
Dahling, J. J., & Perez, L. A. (2010). Older worker, different actor? Linking age and emotional labor strategies. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 574–578.
Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health. (2014). People's mental health 2002-2003. Commercial News Agency. (in Thai)
Grandey, A. A., & Sayre, G. M. (2019). Emotional labor: Regulating emotions for a wage. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418812771
Hassan, Q. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of emotional labor: A review. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 6(4), 157-165.
Health and Safety Executive. (2020). Work-related stress, anxiety or depression statistics in Great Britain. https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/stress_0.pdf
Health Resources Geographic Information System. (2022). Information on medical and public health personnel in private hospitals in Thailand. http://gishealth.moph.go.th/healthmap/gmap.php?code=00128
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. University of California Press.
Hong, J., & Kim, O. (2018). Development and validation of an emotional labour scale for nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(3), 509-516.
Ilmarinen, J. (2006). The ageing workforce--challenges for occupational health. Occupational Medicine, 56(6), 362-364.
Jintarat, B., & Sittisarunkul, P. (2021). Emotional labor and burnout in nursing profession. Journal of the Preventive Medicine Association of Thailand, 11(2), 435-446. (in Thai)
Kaewborisut, P. (2019). Factors influencing the satisfaction of service recipients at a large private hospital that has received JCI standards, outpatient internal medicine department. In Bangkok [Master's thesis, Mahidol University]. CMMU Digital Archive. https://archive.cm.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/3413
Kim, J. S. (2020). Emotional labor strategies, stress, and burnout among hospital nurses: A path analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 52(1), 105-112.
Kim, J., & Jung, H. S. (2021). The linkage between emotional labor and stress effects on retail sales workers. Journal of Distribution Science, 19(10), 99–109.
Kinman, G., & Leggetter, S. (2016). Emotional labour and wellbeing: What protects nurses? Healthcare, 4(4), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4040089
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
Kumar, N., & Jin, Y. (2022). Impact of nurses' emotional labour on job stress and emotional exhaustion amid COVID-19: The role of instrumental support and coaching leadership as moderators. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(7), 2620-2632. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13818
Lee, Y. H., Lee, S. H. B., & Chung, J. Y. (2019). Research on how emotional expressions of emotional labor workers and perception of customer feedbacks affect turnover intentions: Emphasis on moderating effects of emotional intelligence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02526
Leung, M. Y., Bowen, P., Liang, Q., & Famakin, I. (2015). Development of a job-stress model for construction professionals in South Africa and Hong Kong. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 141(2), 04014077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000934
Manirung, N. (2015). Stress from work and personality of professional nurses at the operating level in a private hospital [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Chulalongkorn University. (in Thai)
Mann, S. (1997). Emotional labour in organizations. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 18(1), 4-12.
McVicar, A. (2003). Workplace stress in nursing: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 44(6), 633–642.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2003). Nursing research: Principles and methods (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Pugliesi, K. (1999). The consequences of emotional labor: Effects on work stress, job satisfaction, and well-being. Motivation and Emotion, 23(2), 125–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021329112679
Rafique, T., Tasleem, S., Hassan, Q., Tariq, A., & Mumtaz, S. (2017). Antecedents and consequences of emotional labor: A review. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 6(4), 157-165. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343878609_Antecedents_and_Consequences_of_Emotional_labor_A_review#full-text
Raungsrijan, P., & Suppapitiporn, S. (2012). Stress of nurses, attitude for development to be a magnet hospital and factors associated with stress of registered nurses in private international hospital. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand, 56(4), 425-436. (in Thai)
Ruangnam, K. (2015). A Comparative study of medical service between public and private hospitals. Journal of Nakhonratchasima College, 9(2), 64-75. http://journal.nmc.ac.th/th/admin/Journal/2558Vol9No2_10.pdf (in Thai)
Sachin, K., Hengudomsap, P., & Wattanasindhu, D. (2019). Factors influencing mental health status of professional nurses in a private hospital. Journal of Health and Nursing Research, 35(3), 98-111. (in Thai)
Satyaningrum, D. I., & Djastuti, I. (2020). Relationship between emotional labor, work stress, employee creativity, and turnover intention: Study on Indonesian bank frontliners. Diponegoro International Journal of Business, 3(1), 1-16.
Siangpror, P., Rawiworrakul, T., & Kaewboonchoo, O. (2014). Factors correlated to job stress among nurses in specialised cancer hospitals, central region of Thailand. Journal of Health Science Research, 8(1), 17-27. (in Thai)
Sohn, B. K., Park, S. M., Park, I. J., Hwang, J. Y., Choi, J. S., Lee, J. Y., & Jung, H. Y. (2018). The relationship between emotional labor and job stress among hospital workers. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(39), e246. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e246
Thitaree, K., & Chaiwong, W. (2019). A study on prevalence of work-related stress and relating factors among staff in a private hospital. Thammasat Medical Journal, 19(1), 115-132. (in Thai)
Thongkaew, T. (2016). Stress in the workplace and related factors among registered nurses at outpatient department of a hospital in Bangkok [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Chulalongkorn University. (in Thai)
van de Vijfeijke, H., Leijten, F. R. M., Ybema, J. F., van den Heuvel, S. G., Robroek, S. J. W., van der Beek, A. J., Burdorf, A., & Taris, T. W. (2013). Differential effects of mental and physical health and coping style on work ability: A 1-year follow-up study among aging workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(10), 1238–1243. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e3182a2a5e1
Westbrook, D., Kennerly, H., & Kirk, J. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy: Skill and applications. SAGE Publication.
Wu, X., Li, J., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Cao, J., & Jia, Z. (2018). The effects of emotional labor and competency on job satisfaction in nurses of China: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 5(4), 383-389.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nursing Journal CMU
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารพยาบาลสาร
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับมหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใด ๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
