[2026-03-13] Thai Lay Perceptions of Child Psychological Maltreatment: A Generational Analysis of Dimensions, Mechanisms, and Pathways to Change

Arpapond Ussanarassamee; Pantira  Ngarmchatetanarom; Supanuch Sukmanee; Aunyapat Thanasinborwornchat

doi:10.33165/rmj.2027.e277589

Authors

Arpapond Ussanarassamee Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6226-4933
Pantira Ngarmchatetanarom Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Supanuch Sukmanee Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Aunyapat Thanasinborwornchat Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33165/rmj.2027.e277589

Keywords:

Child rearing, Cohort effect, Emotional abuse, Parenting, Psychological trauma, Qualitative research

Abstract

Background: Child psychological maltreatment (CPM) is underrecognized in Thailand. Despite legal reforms, recognition is hindered by hierarchical norms that normalize shaming and conditional affection as discipline. The cumulative nature of these harms underscores the need to understand lay perceptions to improve awareness, and inform prevention and intervention.

Objectives: To characterize Thai lay perceptions and boundary criteria for CPM by primary caregivers, describe perceived mechanisms, explore generational contrasts (Generation X, Y, Z), and identify implications for prevention and intervention.

Methods: Semi-structured Zoom interviews were conducted with 12 Thai adults (aged 19-54), across 3 cohorts: Generation Z (n = 5), Generation Y (n = 3), and Generation X (n = 4). Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis (RTA).

Results: Three themes emerged including 1) sense-making: CPM was defined via 3 intersecting dimensions — agency (commission/omission), mode (direct/indirect), and salience (overt/subtle); 2) mechanisms: CPM left an “imprint in the heart”, through identity derogation, emotional neglect, and conditional regard; and 3) pathways to change: social media catalyzed awareness; Generation Z recognized CPM earlier and prioritized autonomy support, while Generation X and Y recognized harm retrospectively and normalized physical discipline. Proposed prevention and intervention include relational repair through caregiver apology and the education system as a secondary safety net.

Conclusions: CPM was framed as relational and cumulative harm within hierarchical family norms. Generational shifts lean toward earlier recognition and autonomy-supportive caregiving. Responses should extend beyond legal frameworks by leveraging schools, media-based awareness, and caregiver apology.

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