Chlorogenic Acid and Biological Activity of Chrysanthemum indicum L. Extract at Various Geographical Locations in Thailand

Abstract

Background: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a phenolic compound most found in coffee. It can be found in numerous types of tea plants, including Chrysanthemum. CGA has shown antioxidant and anticancer activities. Objective: To compare the contents of CGA, total phenolic, and total flavonoids in Chrysanthemum flower extractsfrom different planting sites in Thailand and to evaluate the biological activity for antioxidant and cytotoxicity against oral cancer cells. Method: The CGA, total phenolics, and total flavonoids were extracted and evaluatedfrom Chrysanthemum flower by using different solvents, ≥99.9% ethanol, 40% ethanol and water. The antioxidantand cytotoxic activities of the extracts were determined by using DPPH and MTT assays, respectively. Result: Thecontents of chemotypes from each planting source are different. The highest contents of CGA and total phenolics,1.41%w/w and 93 mg GAE/g, respectively were found in Chrysanthemum flowers from Chiang-Mai. Meanwhile,the highest contents of total flavonoids, 23 mg QE/g, were found in Chrysanthemum flowers from Samut Prakan.Chrysanthemum flowers from Samut Prakan showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 165.33 µg/mL), followingby Chrysanthemum flowers from Chiang-Mai (IC₅₀ 169.50 µg/mL), but there was no statistically significant difference(p ≥ .05). In addition, Chrysanthemum flower crude extract could not induce oral cancer cell death by more than50 %, so it was considered no cytotoxicity. Conclusion: The contents of CGA, total phenolics, and total flavonoidsin the crude extracts varied depending on the various geographical location and solvent. Thailand’s Chrysanthemumflower extracts show antioxidant activity but do not show cytotoxicity against oral cancer cells.