FACTORS INFLUENCING MINDFULNESS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Article Sidebar
Published:
Aug 7, 2018
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: The purposes of this study were to investigate factors associating with and predicting mindfulness in undergraduate students.
Methods: 695 undergraduate students from a university in Thailand were randomly selected. Data were collected by a set of self-report questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Connor– Davidson Resilience Scale, Generalized Self- Efficacy Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, multiple regression and independent t-test were employed in statistical analyses.
Findings: The results revealed that most of 695 undergraduate students had a moderate level of mindfulness. Results from correlation analysis showed that stress, social support, and resilience had a moderate level of correlation to mindfulness and age and self-efficacy presented a low level of correlation to mindfulness. Results from multiple regression analysis indicated that age, gender, GPA, enough income, stress, social support, self-efficacy, and resilience can jointly explain 29% of variance of mindfulness in undergraduate students at significant level of .01.
Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as basic information to develop a nursing intervention to promote mental health and prevent psychological problems and also enhance mindfulness of the Thai undergraduate students.
Article Details
Section
Research Articles
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์แล้ว เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของสมาคมพยาบาลจิตเวชแห่งประเทศไทย
References
ไทยพีบีเอสโฟกัส. (13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2561). วัยรุ่นไทย “เครียด” ยอดโทรสายด่วนสุขภาพจิตพุ่ง. สถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอส. สืบค้น 13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2561 จาก https://news.thaipbs. or.th/content/270173
American Psychological Association. (2010). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (6th ed.) DSM-IV-TR. American Psychological Association: Author.
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2005). Relationship between academic stress and suicidal ideation: Testing for depression as a mediator using multiple regression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 133-143.
Bajaj, B. (2017). Mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship of mindfulness to resilience and stress. International Journal of Emer¬gency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 19(4), 1-6.
Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Boonyamalik, P. (2005). Epidemiology of adolescent suicidal ideation: Roles of perceived life stress, depressive symptoms, and substance use (Thailand). Unpublished Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, US.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Sharma, E., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., Wish, E. D., et al. (2009). College students rarely seek help despite serious substance use problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37(4), 368-378.
Campbell-Sills, L., Forde, D. R., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(12), 1007-1012. doi:10.1016/j. jpsychires.2009.01.013
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Trauma Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028. doi:10.1002/jts.20271
Chaplin, T. M. (2015). Gender and emotion expression: A developmental contextual perspective. Emotion Review : Journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion, 7(1), 14–21. Retrieved December 22, 2017, from http://doi.org/10.1177/175 4073914544408.
Christopher, M. S., Charoensuk, S., Gilbert, B. D., Neary, T. J., & Pearce, K. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Thailand and the United State: A case of apples versus oranges? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 590-612.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Cole, D. A. (1991). Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 181-190.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. The American Journal of orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534-542.
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal coping mediates the stress-reductive effect of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2, 59–67.
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore (NY), 5, 37–44.
Gibbon, C., Dempster, M., & Moutray, M. (2010). Stress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(3), 621–632.
Greason, P. B., & Cashwell, C. S. (2009). Mind¬fulness and counseling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49, 2-19.
Keng, S., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1041–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
Keye, M. D., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2013). Investigation of the relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1(6), 1-4.
Kiani, B., Hadianfard, H., & Mitchell, J. T. (2017). The impact of mindfulness meditation training on executive functions and emotion dysregulation in an Iranian sample of female adolescents with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 273-282.
Klainin-Yobas, P., Ramirez, D., Fernandez, Z., Sarmiento, J., Thanoi, W., Ignacio, J., et al. (2016). Examining the predicting effect of mindfulness on psychological well-being among undergraduate students: A structural equation modelling approach. Personality and Individual Difference, 91, 63-68.
Kobat-Zinn J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-56.
Kraag, G., Zeegers, M. P., Kok, G., Hosman, C., & Abu-Sadd, H. H. (2006). School programs targeting stress management in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 449-472.
MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., et al. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: National cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 109-115.
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 143-162. doi:10.1177/1368430207088035
Parto, M., Besharat, M. A. (2011). Mindfulness, psychological well-being and psychological distress in adolescents: Assessing the mediating variables and mechanisms of autonomy and self-regulation. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 578-582.
Pepping, C. A., Duvenage, M, Cronin, T. J. & Lyons, A. (2016). Adolescent mindfulness and psychopathology: The role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 302-307.
Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Xing, Y. (2011). Restricted sleep among adolescents: Prevalence, incidence, persistence, and associated factors. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 9(1), 18-30.
Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
Salili, F., Chiu, C. Y., & Lai, S. (2001). The influence of culture and context on students’ motiva-tional orientation and performance. In: F. Salili, C. Y. Chiu., & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.) Student motivation: The culture and context of learning (pp. 221-248). New York: Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Schellekens, M. P. J., Tamagawa, R., Labelle, L. E., Speca, M., Stephen, J., Drysdale, E., et al. (2017). Mindfulness-based cancer recovery (MRCR) versus supportive expressive group therapy (SET) for distressed breast cancer survivors: Evaluating mindfulness and social support as mediators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 414- 422.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115.
Soper, D.S. (2012). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models (Online Software). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3.
Sturmey, P., Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E. & Winton, A. S. (2017). Mindfulness and the treatment of aggression and violence. In P. Sturmey (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression. doi:10.1002/ 9781119057574.whbva065
Tan, J. B., & Yates, S. (2011). Academic expectations as sources of stress in Asian students. Social Psychology of Education, 14(3), 389-407.
Tan, L., & Martin, G. (2012). Taming the adolescent mind: Preliminary report of a mindfulness-based psychological intervention for adolescents with clinical heterogeneous mental health diagnoses. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 300–312.doi:10.1177/135910451 2455182.
Thanoi, W., Phancharoenworakul, K., Thompson, E., Panitrat, R., & Nityasuddhi, D. (2010). Thai adolescent suicide risk behaviors: Testing a model of negative life events, rumination, emotional distress, resilience and social support. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 14(3), 187-202.
Thanoi, W., Pornchaikate Au-Yeong, A., & Ondee, P. (2012). Factor influencing mental health of nursing students, Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University. Thai Journal of Nursing Council, 27(Special Issue), 60-76.
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 6(296), 1–30.
Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014). Habitual worrying and benefits of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5(5), 566–573.
Vongsirimas, N., Thanoi, W., Klainin-Yobas, P. (2017). Evaluating psychometric properties of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale (10-item cd-risc) among university students in Thailand. Journal of Nursing Science, 35(3), 94-105.
Wild, L. G., Flisher, A. J., & Robertson, B. A. (2011). Risk and resilience in orphaned adolescents living in a community affected by AIDS. Youth & Society, 45(1), 140-162.
Wong, J., Salili, F., Ho. S. Y., Mak, K. H., Lai, M. K. & Lam, T. H. (2005). The perceptions of adolescents, parents, and teachers on the same adolescent health issues. School Psychology International, 26, 371-384.
Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2010). The Thai version of the PSS-10: An investigation of its psychometric properties. BioPsycho¬Social Medicine, 4(6), 1-6.
Xu, W., Fu. G., An, Y., Yuan, G., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Mindfulness, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression and social functioning impairment in Chinese adolescents following a tornado: Mediation of posttraumatic cognitive change. Psychiatric Research, 259, 345-349.
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 610-617.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (6th ed.) DSM-IV-TR. American Psychological Association: Author.
Ang, R. P., & Huan, V. S. (2005). Relationship between academic stress and suicidal ideation: Testing for depression as a mediator using multiple regression. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 133-143.
Bajaj, B. (2017). Mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship of mindfulness to resilience and stress. International Journal of Emer¬gency Mental Health and Human Resilience, 19(4), 1-6.
Bajaj, B., & Pande, N. (2016). Mediating role of resilience in the impact of mindfulness on life satisfaction and affect as indices of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 63-67.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Boonyamalik, P. (2005). Epidemiology of adolescent suicidal ideation: Roles of perceived life stress, depressive symptoms, and substance use (Thailand). Unpublished Dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, US.
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
Caldeira, K. M., Kasperski, S. J., Sharma, E., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., Wish, E. D., et al. (2009). College students rarely seek help despite serious substance use problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37(4), 368-378.
Campbell-Sills, L., Forde, D. R., & Stein, M. B. (2009). Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(12), 1007-1012. doi:10.1016/j. jpsychires.2009.01.013
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Trauma Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028. doi:10.1002/jts.20271
Chaplin, T. M. (2015). Gender and emotion expression: A developmental contextual perspective. Emotion Review : Journal of the International Society for Research on Emotion, 7(1), 14–21. Retrieved December 22, 2017, from http://doi.org/10.1177/175 4073914544408.
Christopher, M. S., Charoensuk, S., Gilbert, B. D., Neary, T. J., & Pearce, K. L. (2009). Mindfulness in Thailand and the United State: A case of apples versus oranges? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(6), 590-612.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Cole, D. A. (1991). Preliminary support for a competency-based model of depression in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 181-190.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. The American Journal of orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534-542.
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2011). Positive reappraisal coping mediates the stress-reductive effect of mindfulness: An upward spiral process. Mindfulness, 2, 59–67.
Garland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., & Park, J. (2009). The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. Explore (NY), 5, 37–44.
Gibbon, C., Dempster, M., & Moutray, M. (2010). Stress, coping and satisfaction in nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(3), 621–632.
Greason, P. B., & Cashwell, C. S. (2009). Mind¬fulness and counseling self-efficacy: The mediating role of attention and empathy. Counselor Education and Supervision, 49, 2-19.
Keng, S., Smoski, M. J., & Robins, C. J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1041–1056. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.04.006
Keye, M. D., & Pidgeon, A. M. (2013). Investigation of the relationship between resilience, mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1(6), 1-4.
Kiani, B., Hadianfard, H., & Mitchell, J. T. (2017). The impact of mindfulness meditation training on executive functions and emotion dysregulation in an Iranian sample of female adolescents with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69(4), 273-282.
Klainin-Yobas, P., Ramirez, D., Fernandez, Z., Sarmiento, J., Thanoi, W., Ignacio, J., et al. (2016). Examining the predicting effect of mindfulness on psychological well-being among undergraduate students: A structural equation modelling approach. Personality and Individual Difference, 91, 63-68.
Kobat-Zinn J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-56.
Kraag, G., Zeegers, M. P., Kok, G., Hosman, C., & Abu-Sadd, H. H. (2006). School programs targeting stress management in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 449-472.
MacCabe, J. H., Lambe, M. P., Cnattingius, S., Sham, P. C., David, A. S., Reichenberg, A., et al. (2010). Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: National cohort study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 109-115.
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008). Gender differences in emotion regulation: An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 143-162. doi:10.1177/1368430207088035
Parto, M., Besharat, M. A. (2011). Mindfulness, psychological well-being and psychological distress in adolescents: Assessing the mediating variables and mechanisms of autonomy and self-regulation. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 578-582.
Pepping, C. A., Duvenage, M, Cronin, T. J. & Lyons, A. (2016). Adolescent mindfulness and psychopathology: The role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 302-307.
Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Xing, Y. (2011). Restricted sleep among adolescents: Prevalence, incidence, persistence, and associated factors. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 9(1), 18-30.
Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
Salili, F., Chiu, C. Y., & Lai, S. (2001). The influence of culture and context on students’ motiva-tional orientation and performance. In: F. Salili, C. Y. Chiu., & Y. Y. Hong (Eds.) Student motivation: The culture and context of learning (pp. 221-248). New York: Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Schellekens, M. P. J., Tamagawa, R., Labelle, L. E., Speca, M., Stephen, J., Drysdale, E., et al. (2017). Mindfulness-based cancer recovery (MRCR) versus supportive expressive group therapy (SET) for distressed breast cancer survivors: Evaluating mindfulness and social support as mediators. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 414- 422.
Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON.
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007). Teaching self-care to caregivers: Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 1(2), 105–115.
Soper, D.S. (2012). A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models (Online Software). Retrieved January 16, 2018 from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3.
Sturmey, P., Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E. & Winton, A. S. (2017). Mindfulness and the treatment of aggression and violence. In P. Sturmey (Ed.), The Wiley handbook of violence and aggression. doi:10.1002/ 9781119057574.whbva065
Tan, J. B., & Yates, S. (2011). Academic expectations as sources of stress in Asian students. Social Psychology of Education, 14(3), 389-407.
Tan, L., & Martin, G. (2012). Taming the adolescent mind: Preliminary report of a mindfulness-based psychological intervention for adolescents with clinical heterogeneous mental health diagnoses. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 300–312.doi:10.1177/135910451 2455182.
Thanoi, W., Phancharoenworakul, K., Thompson, E., Panitrat, R., & Nityasuddhi, D. (2010). Thai adolescent suicide risk behaviors: Testing a model of negative life events, rumination, emotional distress, resilience and social support. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 14(3), 187-202.
Thanoi, W., Pornchaikate Au-Yeong, A., & Ondee, P. (2012). Factor influencing mental health of nursing students, Faculty of Nursing, Mahidol University. Thai Journal of Nursing Council, 27(Special Issue), 60-76.
Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 6(296), 1–30.
Verplanken, B., & Fisher, N. (2014). Habitual worrying and benefits of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5(5), 566–573.
Vongsirimas, N., Thanoi, W., Klainin-Yobas, P. (2017). Evaluating psychometric properties of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale (10-item cd-risc) among university students in Thailand. Journal of Nursing Science, 35(3), 94-105.
Wild, L. G., Flisher, A. J., & Robertson, B. A. (2011). Risk and resilience in orphaned adolescents living in a community affected by AIDS. Youth & Society, 45(1), 140-162.
Wong, J., Salili, F., Ho. S. Y., Mak, K. H., Lai, M. K. & Lam, T. H. (2005). The perceptions of adolescents, parents, and teachers on the same adolescent health issues. School Psychology International, 26, 371-384.
Wongpakaran, N., & Wongpakaran, T. (2010). The Thai version of the PSS-10: An investigation of its psychometric properties. BioPsycho¬Social Medicine, 4(6), 1-6.
Xu, W., Fu. G., An, Y., Yuan, G., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y. (2018). Mindfulness, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression and social functioning impairment in Chinese adolescents following a tornado: Mediation of posttraumatic cognitive change. Psychiatric Research, 259, 345-349.
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990). Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 610-617.
