Food and Nutrition for Sustainable Management of Sarcopenia in Older Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60099/jtnmc.v39i03.270000Keywords:
diet, nutrition, sustainability, management, sarcopenia, older adultsAbstract
Sarcopenia is recognized as one of geriatric syndromes. It involves various interconnected factors, including socioeconomic status, health, and environmental factors. Managing sarcopenia requires the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team, with diet and nutrition playing a crucial role in managing sarcopenia in older adults. This article aims to explain sarcopenia, its causes, and factors associated with sarcopenia in Thai older adults, screening and diagnostic guidelines for sarcopenia in communities and primary care units, methods for assessing the likelihood and diagnosis of sarcopenia, as well as the role of diet and nutrition in managing sarcopenia in older adults, and dietary guidelines for managing sarcopenia in older adults.
Sarcopenia is characterized by the gradual and continuous loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. This slow progression addresses the importance of early detection and intervention. The condition also includes sarcopenic obesity, which is the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia. The causes and factors associated with sarcopenia in Thai older adults consist of personal factors including gender and age, and health factors including physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, malnutrition, non-communicable diseases, and mild cognitive impairment. The guidelines for screening and diagnosing sarcopenia in communities and primary care units follow the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria, which have been adapted to suit the context of older adults in Asia. including muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Methods for assessing the likelihood and diagnosis of sarcopenia include calf circumference measurement, SARC-F and SARC-Calf screening tools, muscle strength assessment, physical performance evaluation (Five Times Sit to Stand Test), and muscle mass index measurement.
Diet and nutrition play a major role in managing sarcopenia in older adults, including the quality of food and dietary patterns, proteins and amino acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, nutraceuticals, and herbal medicines. The dietary guidelines for managing sarcopenia in older adults emphasize the Mediterranean diet, which focuses on plant-based proteins, fruits and vegetables, high-fiber foods, and healthy fats.
A multidisciplinary team can promote high-quality food consumption, particularly plant-based protein, that not only sustainably strengthens the body but also prevents the loss of muscle mass, enhances muscle strength, and improves physical performance in older adults.
Downloads
References
UN General Assembly. (2015). Resolution adopted by the general assembly on September 25, 2015. Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_70_1_E.pdf
World Health organization. Building leadership and capacity for the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030). Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/building-leadership-and-capacityfor-the-un-decade-of-healthy-ageing-(2021-2030)
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz046 PMID: 30312372
Falcon LJ, Harris-Love MO. Sarcopenia and the new ICD-10-CM code: screening, staging, and diagnosis considerations. Fed Pract. 2017;34(7):24-32 PMID: 28867927
Kim TN, Choi KM. Sarcopenia: definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology. J Bone Metab. 2013;20(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.11005/jbm.2013.20.1.1 PMID: 24524049
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO Consensus Statement. Obes Facts. 2022; 15(3):321-35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241 PMID: 35196654
Gao Q, Mei F, Shang Y, Hu K, Chen F, Zhao L, et al. Global prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021; 40(7): 4633-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.009. PMID: 34229269
Zhang X, Huang P, Dou Q, Wang C, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Falls among older adults with sarcopenia dwelling in nursing home or community: a meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2020;39(1):33-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.002. PMID: 30665817
Cawthon PM, Lui LY, Taylor BC, McCulloch CE, Cauley JA, Lapidus J, et al. Clinical definitions of sarcopenia and risk of hospitalization in communitydwelling older men: the osteoporotic fractures in men study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(10): 1383-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glw327 PMID: 28329087
Veronese N, Demurtas J, Soysal P, Smith L, Torbahn G, Schoene D, et al. Sarcopenia and health-related outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies. Eur Geriatr Med. 2019;10(6):853-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-019-00233-w PMID: 34652767
Zhang X-M, Chen D, Xie X-H, Zhang J-E, Zeng Y, Cheng AS. Sarcopenia as a predictor of mortality among the critically ill in an intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics. 2021;21(1):339. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02276-w PMID: 34078275
Petermann-Rocha F, Balntzi V, Gray SR, Lara J, Ho FK, Pell JP, et al. Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(1): 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783 PMID: 34816624
Whaikid P, Piaseu N. The prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in Thai older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Sci. 2024;11(1): 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.11.002 PMID: 38352283
Whaikid P, Piaseu N. The effectiveness of protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise programs among community-dwelling older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024030. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024030 PMID: 38374703
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010;39(4):412-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034 PMID: 20392703
Chen LK, Liu LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Bahyah KS, et al. Sarcopenia in Asia: consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(2):95-101. doi: 10. 1016/j.jamda.2013.11.025 PMID: 24461239
Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300-7.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012 PMID: 32033882
Barbosa-Silva TG, Menezes AM, Bielemann RM, Malmstrom TK, Gonzalez MC. Enhancing SARC-F: Improving sarcopenia screening in the clinical practice. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(12):1136-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.08.004 PMID: 27650212.
Wakabayashi H, Sakuma K. Rehabilitation nutrition for sarcopenia with disability: a combination of both rehabilitation and nutrition care management. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014;5(4):269-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13539-014-0162-x PMID: 25223471
Priego T, Martín AI, González-Hedström D, Granado M, López-Calderón A. Chapter Twenty - Role of hormones in sarcopenia. In: Litwack G, editor. Vitam Horm. 2021;115:535-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.021 PMID: 33706961.
Geraci A, Calvani R, Ferri E, Marzetti E, Arosio B, Cesari M. Sarcopenia and menopause: the role of estradiol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12: 682012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.682012 PMID: 34093446
Gianoudis J, Bailey C, Daly R. Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(2):571-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2895-y PMID: 25245026
Shaw S, Dennison E, Cooper C. Epidemiology of sarcopenia: determinants throughout the lifecourse. Calcif Tissue Int. 2017;101(3):229-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-017-0277-0 PMID: 28421264
Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Boirie Y, Busetto L, Cederholm T, Dicker D, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: Time to meet the challenge. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(6 Pt A):1787-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.018 PMID: 29857921
Ryu M, Jo J, Lee Y, Chung Y-S, Kim K-M, Baek W-C. Association of physical activity with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling older adults: the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Age Ageing. 2013; 42(6):734-40. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft063 PMID: 23761456
Chew STH, Tey SL, Yalawar M, Liu Z, Baggs G, How CH, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22(1):997. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03704-1 PMID: 36564733
Calvani R, Miccheli A, Landi F, Bossola M, Cesari M, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia. J Frailty Aging. 2013;2(1):38-53 PMID: 26082911
Wiedmer P, Jung T, Castro JP, Pomatto LC, Sun PY, Davies KJ, et al. Sarcopenia–Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;65: 101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101200 PMID: 33130247
Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, et al. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):446-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033 PMID: 20015486
Yang Y, Xiao M, Leng L, Jiang S, Feng L, Pan G, et al. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence and correlation of mild cognitive impairment in sarcopenia. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle. 2023;14(1):45-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13143 PMID: 36529141
Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft A, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:958–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLNU.2022.01.024 PMID: 35306388
Borkent J, Manders M, Nijhof A, Wijker L, Feskens EJM, Naumann E, et al. Too low protein and energy intake in nursing home residents. Nutrition. 2023;110: 112005. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NUT.2023. 112005 PMID: 36966585
Coelho-Junior HJ, Calvani R, Gonçalves IO, Rodrigues B, Picca A, Landi F, et al. High relative consumption of vegetable protein is associated with faster walking speed in well-functioning older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(6):837-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-019-01216-4 PMID: 31115875
Orsso CE, Montes-Ibarra M, Findlay M, van der Meij BS, de van der Schueren MAE, Landi F, et al. Mapping ongoing nutrition intervention trials in muscle, sarcopenia, and cachexia: a scoping review of future research. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13:1442–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCSM.12954 PMID: 35301816
Bloom I, Pilgrim A, Jameson KA, Dennison EM, Sayer AA, Roberts HC, et al. The relationship of nutritional risk with diet quality and health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33:2767–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40520-021-01824-Z PMID: 34255296
Krznari´c ˇZ, Karas I, Ljubas Keleˇci´c D, Vraneˇsi´c Bender D. The Mediterranean and Nordic diet: a review of differences and similarities of two sustainable, health promoting dietary patterns. Front Nutr. 2021; 8:683678. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.683678 PMID: 34249991
Cacciatore S, Calvani R, Marzetti E, Picca A, Coelho-Júnior HJ, Martone AM, et al. Low adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with probable sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: results from the longevity check-up (lookup) 7+ project. Nutrients 2023;15(4):1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041026 PMID: 36839385
Granic A, Dismore L, Hurst C, Robinson SM, Sayer AA. Myoprotective whole foods, muscle health and sarcopenia: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies in older adults. Nutrients 2020;12:2257. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082257 PMID: 32731580
Itsiopoulos C, Mayr HL, Thomas CJ. The antiinflammatory effects of a mediterranean diet: a review. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2022;25:415–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000872 PMID: 36039924
Martínez-Arnau FM, Fonfría-Vivas R, Cauli O. Beneficial effects of leucine supplementation on criteria for sarcopenia: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2019;11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102504 PMID: 31627427
Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 291(2):E381-7. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005 PMID: 16507602
Phillips SM, Paddon-Jones D, Layman DK. Optimizing adult protein intake during catabolic health conditions. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:S1058–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa129 PMID: 32666115
Phillips SM, Martinson W. Nutrient-rich, high-quality, protein-containing dairy foods in combination with exercise in aging persons to mitigate sarcopenia. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(4):216-29. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy062 PMID: 30561677
Welch AA, MacGregor AJ, Minihane AM, Skinner J, Valdes AA, Spector TD, et al. Dietary fat and fatty acid profile are associated with indices of skeletal muscle mass in women aged 18-79 years. J Nutr. 2014; 144:327–34. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.185256 PMID: 24401817
Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia-hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011;121:267–78. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20100597 PMID: 21501117
Smith GI, Julliand S, Reeds DN, Sinacore DR, Klein S, Mittendorfer B. Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102:115–22. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105833 PMID: 25994567
Cornish SM, Cordingley DM, Shaw KA, Forbes SC, Leonhardt T, Bristol A, et al. Effects of omega-3 supplementation alone and combined with resistance exercise on skeletal muscle in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14: 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU14112221 PMID: 35684018
Kweder H, Eidi H. Vitamin D deficiency in elderly: Risk factors and drugs impact on vitamin D status. Avicenna J Med. 2018;8(4):139-46. https://doi.org/10.4103/ajm.AJM_20_18. PMID: 30319955
Siwamogsatham O, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D deficiency in Thailand. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;2(1):48-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2014.10.004. PMID: 29159109
Srikuea R, Zhang X, Park-Sarge OK, Esser KA. VDR and CYP27B1 are expressed in C2C12 cells and regenerating skeletal muscle: potential role in suppression of myoblast proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2012;303:C396–405. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPCELL.00014.2012 PMID: 22648952
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Hu FB, Zhang Y, Karlson EW, et al. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lowerextremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:752–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/AJCN/80.3.752 PMID: 15321818
Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757-72. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513. PMID: 29731617
Alidadi M, Jamialahmadi T, Cicero AFG, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Banach M, et al. The potential role of plant-derived natural products in improving arterial stiffness: A review of dietary intervention studies. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2020;99: 426-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.026
Bagherniya M, Mahdavi A, Shokri-Mashhadi N, Banach M, Von Haehling S, Johnston TP, et al. The beneficial therapeutic effects of plant-derived natural products for the treatment of sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(6):2772-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13057 PMID: 35961944
Kim J, Lee JY, Kim CY. A Comprehensive review of pathological mechanisms and natural dietary ingredients for the management and prevention of sarcopenia. Nutrients. 2023;15(11):2625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112625. PMID: 37299588
Jia Ping Wu* and Dan Guo. The Effect of Resveratrol Supplements on Sarcopenic Obesity Mice Skeletal Muscle. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2023 18(2) AJBSR. MS.ID.002445. https://doi.org/10.34297/AJBSR.2023.18.002445.
Tokuda Y, Mori H. Essential amino acid and tea catechin supplementation after resistance exercise improves skeletal muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia: an open-label, pilot, randomized controlled trial. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2023;42(3):255-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2022.2025546 PMID: 35512762
Pinckaers PJM, Kouw IWK, Gorissen SHM, Houben LHP, Senden JM, Wodzig W, et al. The muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a plant-derived protein blend does not differ from an equivalent amount of milk protein in healthy young males. J Nutr. 2023;152(12):2734-43. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac222 PMID: 36170964
Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Murton AJ, Abdelrahman DR, Blackwell JR, Koscien CP, et al. Vegan and omnivorous high protein diets support comparable daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in young adults. J Nutr. 2023; 153(6):1680-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.023 PMID: 36822394
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 The Journal of Thailand Nursing and Midwifery Council
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
