สารเพอร์ฟลูออโรอัลคิลและโพลีฟลูออโรอัลคิล กับการปนเปื้อนในสิ่งแวดล้อมของประเทศไทย
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ก.ย. 26, 2018
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สารเพอร์ฟลูออโรอัลคิล สารโพลีฟลูออโรอัลคิล การปนเปื้อนในสิ่งแวดล้อม ความเสี่ยงต่อสุขภาพ
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สารเคมีสังเคราะห์กลุ่มเพอร์ฟลูออโรอัลคิลและโพลีฟลูออโรอัลคิล (PFASs) ถูกผลิตและนำไปใช้ในอุตสาหกรรมและผลิตภัณฑ์ต่าง ๆ อย่างแพร่หลายมามากกว่าครึ่งศตวรรษ สาร PFASs จัดเป็นสารมลพิษชนิดใหม่ที่ปนเปื้อนและตกค้างยาวนานในสิ่งแวดล้อมหลายพื้นที่ทั่วโลก รวมทั้งสะสมในเนื้อเยื่อสิ่งมีชีวิต และเป็นพิษต่อสุขภาพ ยืนยันด้วยผลการทดลองในสัตว์และผลการศึกษาทางระบาดวิทยาในมนุษย์ของสาร PFASs บางชนิด เช่น ผลกระทบต่อการเจริญเติบโตของทารกในครรภ์ การเกิดภูมิแพ้ การทำงานของไต โรคหัวใจและหลอดเลือด ระดับไทรอยด์ฮอร์โมน ระดับคอเลสเตอรอล และมีโอกาสก่อมะเร็งในมนุษย์ เป็นต้น ความตระหนักด้านผลกระทบต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมและสุขภาพเริ่มต้นอย่างจริงจังตั้งแต่ปี 2000 นำมาซึ่งการศึกษาวิจัยในหลายประเทศ ส่งผลให้มีการกำหนดมาตรการควบคุมการผลิตและใช้งานสาร PFASs เพื่อป้องกันผลกระทบต่อประชาชนในประเทศเหล่านั้น แต่ในประเทศไทยที่ผ่านมามีเพียงการตรวจสอบสาร PFASs ในตัวอย่างสิ่งแวดล้อม ซึ่งผลการศึกษายืนยันการปนเปื้อนในตัวอย่างน้ำ ฝุ่นพื้นผิว และอากาศ คนไทยจึงมีโอกาสรับสัมผัสสารกลุ่มนี้เข้าสู่ร่างกาย ดังนั้น การศึกษาแหล่งกำเนิด เส้นทางการปนเปื้อน ปริมาณการรับสัมผัสในมนุษย์ และความเสี่ยงต่อสุขภาพที่เกิดจากสาร PFASs จะเป็นฐานข้อมูลต่อยอดที่สำคัญในการวิเคราะห์สถานการณ์ในประเทศ เพื่อควบคุมผลกระทบจากสารมลพิษกลุ่มนี้
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References
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30. Li K, Gao P, Xiang P, Zhang X, Cui X, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans: Implications for health risks. Environment International. 2017 2017/02/01/;99(Supplement C):43-54.
31. Callan AC, Rotander A, Thompson K, Heyworth J, Mueller JF, Odland JØ, et al. Maternal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids measured in whole blood and birth outcomes in offspring. Science of The Total Environment. 2016 2016/11/01/;569-570(Supplement C):1107-13.
32. Goudarzi H, Miyashita C, Okada E, Kashino I, Kobayashi S, Chen C-J, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids on prevalence ofallergic diseases among 4-year-old children. Environment International. 2016 2016/09/01/;94(Supplement C):124-32.
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6. Zhao Z, Xie Z, Tang J, Sturm R, Chen Y, Zhang G, et al. Seasonal variations and spatial distributions of perfluoroalkyl substances in the rivers Elbe and lower Weser and the North Sea. Chemosphere. 2015 2015/06/01/;129(Supplement C):118-25.
7. Zhao Z, Xie Z, Möller A, Sturm R, Tang J, Zhang G, et al. Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast. Environmental Pollution. 2012 2012/11/01/;170(Supplement C):71-7.
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11. Ahrens L, Gashaw H, Sjöholm M, Gebrehiwot SG, Getahun A, Derbe E, et al. Poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in water, sediment and fish muscle tissue from Lake Tana, Ethiopia and implications for human exposure. Chemosphere. 2016 2016/12/01/;165(Supplement C):352-7.
12. Lam NH, Cho C-R, Kannan K, Cho H-S. A nationwide survey of perfluorinated alkyl substances in waters, sediment and biota collected from aquatic environment in Vietnam: Distributions and bioconcentration profiles. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2017 2017/02/05/;323(Part A):116-27.
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14. Yao Y, Zhu H, Li B, Hu H, Zhang T, Yamazaki E, et al. Distribution and primary source analysis of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances with different chain lengths in surface and groundwater in two cities, North China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2014 2014/10/01/;108(Supplement C):318-28.
15. Bečanová J, Melymuk L, Vojta Š, Komprdová K, Klánová J. Screening for perfluoroalkyl acids in consumer products, building materials and wastes. Chemosphere. 2016 2016/12/01/;164(Supplement C):322-9.
16. Shoeib T, Hassan Y, Rauert C, Harner T. Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in indoor dust and food packaging materials in Egypt: Trends in developed and developing countries. Chemosphere. 2016 2016/02/01/;144(Supplement C):1573-81.
17. Tian Z, Kim S-K, Shoeib M, Oh J-E, Park J-E. Human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) via house dust in Korea: Implication to exposure pathway. Science of The Total Environment. 2016 2016/05/15/;553(Supplement C):266-75.
18. Goosey E, Harrad S. Perfluoroalkyl compounds in dust from Asian, Australian, European, and North American homes and UK cars, classrooms, and offices. Environment International. 2011 2011/01/01/;37(1):86-92.
19. Fromme H, Dreyer A, Dietrich S, Fembacher L, Lahrz T, Völkel W. Neutral polyfluorinated compounds in indoor air in Germany – The LUPE 4 study. Chemosphere. 2015 2015/11/01/;139(Supplement C):572-8.
20. Schlummer M, Gruber L, Fiedler D, Kizlauskas M, Müller J. Detection of fluorotelomer alcohols in indoor environments and their relevance for human exposure. Environment International. 2013 2013/07/01/;57-58(Supplement C):42-9.
21. Kim S-K, Shoeib M, Kim K-S, Park J-E. Indoor and outdoor poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Korea determined by passive air sampler. Environmental Pollution. 2012 2012/03/01/;162(Supplement C):144-50.
22. Vierke L, Ahrens L, Shoeib M, Reiner EJ, Guo R, Palm W-U, et al. Air concentrations and particle–gas partitioning of polyfluoroalkyl compounds at a wastewater treatment plant. Environmental Chemistry. 2011;8(4):363-71.
23. Dreyer A, Weinberg I, Temme C, Ebinghaus R. Polyfluorinated Compounds in the Atmosphere of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans: Evidence for a Global Distribution. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009 2009/09/01;43(17):6507-14.
24. Andersen ME, Butenhoff JL, Chang S-C, Farrar DG, Kennedy JGL, Lau C, et al. Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Related Chemistries—Toxicokinetics and Modes of Action. Toxicological Sciences. 2008;102(1):3-14.
25. Miralles-Marco A, Harrad S. Perfluorooctane sulfonate: A review of human exposure, biomonitoring and the environmental forensics utility of its chirality and isomer distribution. Environment International. 2015 2015/04/01/;77(Supplement C):148-59.
26. Worley RR, Moore SM, Tierney BC, Ye X, Calafat AM, Campbell S, et al. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum and urine samples from a residentially exposed community. Environment International. 2017 2017/09/01/;106(Supplement C):135-43.
27. Manzano-Salgado CB, Casas M, Lopez-Espinosa M-J, Ballester F, Basterrechea M, Grimalt JO, et al. Transfer of perfluoroalkyl substances from mother to fetus in a Spanish birth cohort. Environmental Research. 2015 2015/10/01/;142(Supplement C):471-8.
28. Cariou R, Veyrand B, Yamada A, Berrebi A, Zalko D, Durand S, et al. Perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels and profiles in breast milk, maternal and cord serum of French women and their newborns. Environment International. 2015 2015/11/01/;84(Supplement C):71-81.
29. Harada K, Inoue K, Morikawa A, Yoshinaga T, Saito N, Koizumi A. Renal clearance of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in humans and their species-specific excretion. Environmental Research. 2005 2005/10/01/;99(2):253-61.
30. Li K, Gao P, Xiang P, Zhang X, Cui X, Ma LQ. Molecular mechanisms of PFOA-induced toxicity in animals and humans: Implications for health risks. Environment International. 2017 2017/02/01/;99(Supplement C):43-54.
31. Callan AC, Rotander A, Thompson K, Heyworth J, Mueller JF, Odland JØ, et al. Maternal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids measured in whole blood and birth outcomes in offspring. Science of The Total Environment. 2016 2016/11/01/;569-570(Supplement C):1107-13.
32. Goudarzi H, Miyashita C, Okada E, Kashino I, Kobayashi S, Chen C-J, et al. Effects of prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids on prevalence ofallergic diseases among 4-year-old children. Environment International. 2016 2016/09/01/;94(Supplement C):124-32.
33. Kataria A, Trachtman H, Malaga-Dieguez L, Trasande L. Association between perfluoroalkyl acids and kidney function in a cross-sectional study of adolescents. Environmental Health. 2015 2015/11/21;14(1):89.
34. Shankar A, Xiao J, Ducatman A. Perfluorooctanoic acid and cardiovascular disease in us adults. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2012;172(18):1397-403.
35. Jain RB. Association between thyroid profile and perfluoroalkyl acids: Data from NHNAES 2007–2008. Environmental Research. 2013 2013/10/01/;126(Supplement C):51-9.
36. Nelson JW, Hatch EE, Webster TF. Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and cholesterol, body weight, and insulin resistance in the general U.S. population. Environmental Health Perspectives. [Article]. 2010;118(2):197-202.
37. UNEP. COP.4 Document. Fourth meeting of the conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Geneva2009 4-8 May 2009. Report No.: SC-4/17.
38. Maxxam Analytics Internation Corporation. Analytical Guidelines for PFCs2015 [cited 2015 August]: Available from: https://maxxam.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/tb-PFCs-20150825.pdf.
39. UK FSA. COT statement on the Tolerable Daily Intake for Perfluorooctanoic Acid. In: Committee on Toxicity, editor.: UK Food Standards Agency; 2006.
40. Donohue JM, Duke TM, Wambaugh J. Health Effects Support Document for Perfluoroctanoic Acid (PFOA). In: Office of Water, editor. Washington, DC: US EPA; 2016.
41. UK FSA. COT Statment on the Tolerable Daily Intake for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate. In: Committee on Toxicity, editor.: UK Food Standards Agency; 2006.
42. Donohue JM, Mahfouz A, Duke TM, Wambaugh J. Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). In: Office of Water, editor. Washington, DC: US EPA; 2016.
43. Kunacheva C, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Kitpati Boontanon S, Poothong S, Wongwatthana T, et al. Perfluorinated compounds contamination in tap water and bottled water in Bangkok, Thailand2010.
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