Toxicity from Magnesium Overdose

Abstract

Magnesium is an essential mineral and vital for many intracellular processes, including neuromuscular functioning, blood pressure regulation, and cardiac electrical conduction. Although magnesium toxicity is rare in the general population, it can be severely dangerous, particularly with overdose or impaired excretion, such as in patients with renal dysfunction. The mechanism of toxicity mostly involves magnesium acting as a calcium antagonist, which then impacts the cardiovascular system, skeletal muscle, and nervous system. Clinical symptoms correlate directly with blood magnesium levels. Initially, symptoms are usually nonspecific, but as blood magnesium levels rise, symptoms become more severe. Symptoms may include hyporeflexia, muscle weakness, central nervous system depression, respiratory depression, and can potentially progress to cardiac arrest. Diagnosis involves blood magnesium level testing, along with exposure history and physical examination. Treatment should begin by stopping further magnesium intake and providing supportive care. For patients with severe symptoms, additional treatments should be considered, such as intravenous calcium administration, forced diuresis, or hemodialysis. Implementing drug safety measures and diligent monitoring for patients receiving magnesium ensures appropriate usage, enhances prevention of magnesium toxicity, and reduces the risk of severe complications.