Toxicology of Toluene

Authors

  • Thanapon Nimsomboon Pharmacy Department, Siriraj Hospital

Keywords:

toluene, toxicity, clinical manifestations, management

Abstract

Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used in industrial and commercial settings and is associated with potential health hazards following both acute and chronic exposure. This article aims to review the chemical properties, relevant regulatory aspects, toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics, clinical manifestations, and management of toluene poisoning. Toluene can be absorbed into the body via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, with predominant distribution and accumulation in adipose tissue and the central nervous system. It is metabolized in the liver to benzoic acid and primarily excreted in the urine as hippuric acid. The principal toxic effects involve alteration of the central nervous system through interactions with N-methyl-D-aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and serotonin, leading mainly to neurological disturbances. In addition, adverse effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, acid–base balance, and other organ systems may occur. As there is no specific antidote currently available, management focuses on removal of patient from exposure, assessment and monitoring for complications, and providing supportive care.

Author Biography

Thanapon Nimsomboon, Pharmacy Department, Siriraj Hospital

B.Sc. in Pharm., M.Pharm. (Community Pharmacy)

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Published

2026-08-31

How to Cite

1.
Nimsomboon T. Toxicology of Toluene. Thai J Hosp Pharm [internet]. 2026 Aug. 31 [cited 2026 Sep. 9];36(2):238-47. available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TJHP/article/view/280805