Hepatitis E in Southeast Asia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2020.35Keywords:
Epidemiology, genotype, seroepidemiologic studies, vaccination; swineAbstract
Hepatitis E is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis in the world. The causative agent of hepatitis E is hepatitis E virus (HEV). In Southeast Asia, the seroprevalence of HEV and the most prevalent genotype of HEV are largely unclear and the available data is either limited or outdated. After a systematic review of literature, we found the seroprevalence of HEV and the most prevalent genotype of HEV appear to vary greatly by countries. The seroprevalence is likely between 17% to 42% and the prevalent genotypes across Southeast Asia are likely 1, 3, and 4, but not 2 as no cases of genotype 2 have been reported in this region. As HEV remains widespread in Southeast Asia and the clinical implications of HEV can be severe, surveillance programs for HEV should be implemented.
References
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2. Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia N-S, Ijaz S, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E. Lancet 2012;379:2477-88.
3. Okamoto H. Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 2007;127:216-28.
4. Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME, Huang C-C, Bradley DW, Fry KE, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): Molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology 1991;185:120-31.
5. Provost PJ, Wolanski BS, Miller WJ, Ittensohn OL, McAleer WJ, Hilleman MR. Physical, Chemical and Morphologic Dimensions of Human Hepatitis A Virus Strain CR326. Exp Biol Med 1975;148:532-9.
6. Geng Y, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer New York LLC; 2016. p. 89-112.
7. Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and prevention. World J Hepatol 2011;3:285-91.
8. Lee GH, Tan BH, Chi-Yuan Teo E, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, et al. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk. Gastroenterology 2016;150:355-7.e3.
9. Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 2006;16:5-36.
10. Patra S, Kumar A, Trivedi SS, Puri M, Sarin SK. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:28.
11. Kumar A, Saraswat VA. Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013;3:225-30.
12. Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Infect Dis 2009;200:48-56.
13. Velázquez O, Stetler HC, Avila C, Ornelas G, Alvarez C, Hadler SC, et al. Epidemic Transmission of Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis in Mexico, 1986-1987. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 1990;263:3281-5.
14. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis--Mexico. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:597-602.
15. Yugo DM, Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: Foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. Vol. 10, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013. p. 4507-33.
16. Tei S, Kitajima N, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings. Lancet 2003;362:371-3.
17. Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: An emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol 2008;48:494-503.
18. Aggarwal R, Naik S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E: Current status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:1484-93.
19. Rianthavorn P, Thongmee C, Limpaphayom N, Komolmit P, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. The entire genome sequence of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 isolated from a patient with neuralgic amyotrophy. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:395-400.
20. Intharasongkroh D, Thongmee T, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Klinfueng S, Duang-In A, Wasitthankasem R, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in Thai blood donors. Transfusion 2019;59:1035-43.
21. Siripanyaphinyo U, Boon-Long J, Louisirirotchanakul S, Takeda N, Chanmanee T, Srimee B, et al. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Thailand. J Med Virol 2014;86:1730-5.
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25. Cooper K, Huang FF, Batista L, Rayo CD, Bezanilla JC, Toth TE, et al. Identification of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in Thailand and Mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 HEV strains are prevalent in the respective human populations. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1684-8.
26. Wiratsudakul A, Sariya L, Prompiram P, Tantawet S, Suraruangchai D, Sedwisai P, et al. Detection and Phylogenetic Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in a Captive Wild Boar in Thailand. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012;43:640-4.
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28. Keawcharoen J, Thongmee T, Panyathong R, Joiphaeng P, Tuanthap S, Oraveerakul K, et al. Hepatitis e virus genotype 3f sequences from pigs in Thailand, 2011-2012. Virus Genes 2013;46:369-70.
29. Gonwong S, Chuenchitra T, Khantapura P, Islam D, Sirisopana N, Mason CJ. Pork consumption and seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus, Thailand, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1531-4.
30. Sa-Nguanmoo P, Posuwan N, Vichaiwattana P, Wutthiratkowit N, Owatanapanich S, Wasitthankasem R, et al. Swine is a possible source of hepatitis E virus infection by comparative study of hepatitis A and E seroprevalence in Thailand. PLoS One 2015 ;10(4).
31. Jupattanasin S, Chainuvati S, Chotiyaputta W, Chanmanee T, Supapueng O, Charoonruangrit U, et al. A Nationwide Survey of the Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infections Among Blood Donors in Thailand. Viral Immunol 2019;32:302-7.
32. Enouf V, Dos Reis G, Guthmann JP, Guerin PJ, Caron M, Marechal V, et al. Validation of single real-time TaqMan® PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of four major genotypes of hepatitis E virus in clinical specimens. J Med Virol 2006;78:1076-82.
33. Caron M, Enouf V, Than SC, Dellamonica L, Buisson Y, Nicand E. Identification of genotype 1 hepatitis E virus in samples from swine in Cambodia. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3440-2.
34. Kitajima M, Matsubara K, Sour S, Haramoto E, Katayama H, Ohgaki S. First detection of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus RNA in river water in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;103:955-7.
35. Blacksell SD, Myint KSA, Khounsy S, Phruaravanh M, Mammen MP, Day NPJ, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in pigs: implications for human infections in village-based subsistence pig farming in the Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007;101:305-7.
36. Conlan J V., Jarman RG, Vongxay K, Chinnawirotpisan P, Melendrez MC, Fenwick S, et al. Hepatitis E virus is prevalent in the pig population of Lao People’s Democratic Republic and evidence exists for homogeneity with Chinese Genotype 4 human isolates. Infect Genet Evol 2011;11:1306-11.
37. Conlan J V., Vongxay K, Jarman RG, Gibbons R V., Lunt RA, Fenwick S, et al. Serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;86:1077-84.
38. Bounlu K, Insisiengmay S, Vanthanouvong K, Saykham, Widjaja S, Iinuma K, et al. Acute Jaundice in Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:717-21.
39. Seow HF, Mahomed NMB, Mak JW, Riddell MA, Li F, Anderson DA. Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in Malaysia. J Med Virol 1999;59:164-8.
40. Ng KP, He J, Saw TL, Lyles CM. A seroprevalence study of viral hepatitis E infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected subjects in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2000;55:58-64.
41. Aye TT, Uchida T, Ma X, IIda F, Shikata T, Ichikawa M, et al. Sequence and gene structure of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Myanmar. Virus Genes 1993;7:95-109.
42. Nakai K, Khin Maung Win, San San Oo, Arakawa Y, Abe K. Molecular characteristic-based epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Myanmar. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1536-9.
43. Koizumi Y, Isoda N, Sato Y, Iwaki T, Ono K, Ido K, et al. Infection of a Japanese patient by genotype 4 hepatitis E virus while traveling in Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3883-5.
44. Hijikata M, Hayashi S, Trinh NT, Ha LD, Ohara H, Shimizu YK, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis E virus from Vietnam. Intervirology 2002;45:101-4.
45. Corwin AL, Khiem HB, Clayson ET, Sac PK, Nhung VTT, Yen VT, et al. A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;54:559-62.
46. Tran HTT, Ushijima H, Quang VX, Phuong N, Li TC, Hayashi S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis virus types B through E and genotypic distribution of HBV and HCV in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Hepatol Res 2003;26:275-80.
47. Wibawa IDN, Suryadarma IGA, Mulyanto, Tsuda F, Matsumoto Y, Ninomiya M, et al. Identification of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus strains from a patient with acute hepatitis E and farm pigs in Bali, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2007;79:1138-46.
48. Wibawa IDN, Muljono DH, Mulyanto, Suryadarma IGA, Tsuda F, Takahashi M, et al. Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus among Apparently Healthy Humans and Pigs in Bali, Indonesia: Identification of A Pig Infected with A Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus. J Med Virol 2004;73:38-44.
49. Surya IGP, Kornia K, Suwardewa TGA, Mulyanto, Tsuda F, Mishiro S. Serological markers of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infections in pregnant women in Bali, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2005;75:499-503.
50. Tan LTC, Tan J, Ang LW, Chan KP, Chiew KT, Cutter J, et al. Epidemiology of acute hepatitis E in Singapore. J Infect 2013;66:453-9.
51. Liu X, Saito M, Sayama Y, Suzuki E, Malbas FF, Galang HO, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus in household-raised pig population in the Philippines. BMC Vet Res 2015;11(1).
52. Myint KSA, Duripunt P, Mammen MP, Sirisopana N, Rodkvamtook W, Gibbons R V. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Thai Troops Deployed with U.N. Peacekeeping Forces. Mil Med 2007;172:1217-9.
53. Xin S, Xiao L. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis E. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer New York LLC; 2016.p.175-89.
54. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy J-M, Ouezzani L, Péron J-M, Guitard J, et al. Hepatitis E Virus and Chronic Hepatitis in Organ-Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med 2008;358:811-7.
55. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Persistent Carriage of Hepatitis E Virus in Patients with HIV Infection. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1025-7.
56. Colson P, Kaba M, Moreau J, Brouqui P. Hepatitis E in an HIV-infected patient. J Clin Virol 2009;45:269-71.
57. Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, Wittenborn JS, Wiersma ST. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology 2012;55:988-97.
58. Aggarwal R. Diagnosis of Hepatitis E. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:24-33.
59. Kmush BL, Labrique AB, Dalton HR, Ahmed ZB, Ticehurst JR, Heaney CD, et al. Two generations of “gold standards”: The impact of a decade in hepatitis e virus testing innovation on population seroprevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:714-7.
60. Pas SD, Streefkerk RHRA, Pronk M, de Man RA, Beersma MF, Osterhaus ADME, et al. Diagnostic performance of selected commercial HEV IgM and IgG ELISAs for immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. J Clin Virol 2013;58:629-34.
61. Takahashi M, Kusakai S, Mizuo H, Suzuki K, Fujimura K, Masuko K, et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:49-56.
62. Favorov MO, Fields HA, Purdy MA, Yashina TL, Aleksandrov AG, Alter MJ, et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J Med Virol 1992;36:246-50.
63. Sultan Khuroo M, Kamili S, Yousuf Dar M, Moecklii R, Jameel S. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993;341:1355.
64. Pisanic N, Rahman A, Saha SK, Labrique AB, Nelson KE, Granger DA, et al. Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. J Immunol Methods 2017;448:1-8.
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2. Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia N-S, Ijaz S, Izopet J, et al. Hepatitis E. Lancet 2012;379:2477-88.
3. Okamoto H. Genetic variability and evolution of hepatitis E virus. Virus Res 2007;127:216-28.
4. Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME, Huang C-C, Bradley DW, Fry KE, et al. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): Molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology 1991;185:120-31.
5. Provost PJ, Wolanski BS, Miller WJ, Ittensohn OL, McAleer WJ, Hilleman MR. Physical, Chemical and Morphologic Dimensions of Human Hepatitis A Virus Strain CR326. Exp Biol Med 1975;148:532-9.
6. Geng Y, Wang Y. Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer New York LLC; 2016. p. 89-112.
7. Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and prevention. World J Hepatol 2011;3:285-91.
8. Lee GH, Tan BH, Chi-Yuan Teo E, Lim SG, Dan YY, Wee A, et al. Chronic Infection With Camelid Hepatitis E Virus in a Liver Transplant Recipient Who Regularly Consumes Camel Meat and Milk. Gastroenterology 2016;150:355-7.e3.
9. Lu L, Li C, Hagedorn CH. Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis. Rev Med Virol 2006;16:5-36.
10. Patra S, Kumar A, Trivedi SS, Puri M, Sarin SK. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Ann Intern Med 2007;147:28.
11. Kumar A, Saraswat VA. Hepatitis E and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2013;3:225-30.
12. Kuniholm MH, Purcell RH, McQuillan GM, Engle RE, Wasley A, Nelson KE. Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus in the United States: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Infect Dis 2009;200:48-56.
13. Velázquez O, Stetler HC, Avila C, Ornelas G, Alvarez C, Hadler SC, et al. Epidemic Transmission of Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis in Mexico, 1986-1987. JAMA J Am Med Assoc 1990;263:3281-5.
14. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis--Mexico. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:597-602.
15. Yugo DM, Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: Foodborne, waterborne and zoonotic transmission. Vol. 10, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013. p. 4507-33.
16. Tei S, Kitajima N, Takahashi K, Mishiro S. Zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus from deer to human beings. Lancet 2003;362:371-3.
17. Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: An emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol 2008;48:494-503.
18. Aggarwal R, Naik S. Epidemiology of hepatitis E: Current status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;24:1484-93.
19. Rianthavorn P, Thongmee C, Limpaphayom N, Komolmit P, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. The entire genome sequence of hepatitis e virus genotype 3 isolated from a patient with neuralgic amyotrophy. Scand J Infect Dis 2010;42:395-400.
20. Intharasongkroh D, Thongmee T, Sa-Nguanmoo P, Klinfueng S, Duang-In A, Wasitthankasem R, et al. Hepatitis E virus infection in Thai blood donors. Transfusion 2019;59:1035-43.
21. Siripanyaphinyo U, Boon-Long J, Louisirirotchanakul S, Takeda N, Chanmanee T, Srimee B, et al. Occurrence of hepatitis E virus infection in acute hepatitis in Thailand. J Med Virol 2014;86:1730-5.
22. Yamada H, Takahashi K, Lim O, Svay S, Chuon C, Hok S, et al. Hepatitis E virus in Cambodia: Prevalence among the general population and complete genome sequence of genotype 4. PLoS One 2015;10(8).
23. Li TC, Yang T, Shiota T, Yoshizaki S, Yoshida H, Saito M, et al. Molecular detection of hepatitis e virus in rivers in the Philippines. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014;90:764-6.
24. Suwannakarn K, Tongmee C, Theamboonlers A, Komolmit P, Poovorawan Y. Swine as the possible source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans in Thailand. Arch Virol 2010;155:1697-9.
25. Cooper K, Huang FF, Batista L, Rayo CD, Bezanilla JC, Toth TE, et al. Identification of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in Thailand and Mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 HEV strains are prevalent in the respective human populations. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:1684-8.
26. Wiratsudakul A, Sariya L, Prompiram P, Tantawet S, Suraruangchai D, Sedwisai P, et al. Detection and Phylogenetic Characterization of Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in a Captive Wild Boar in Thailand. J Zoo Wildl Med 2012;43:640-4.
27. Siripanyaphinyo U, Laohasinnarong D, Siripanee J, Kaeoket K, Kameoka M, Ikuta K, et al. Full-length sequence of genotype 3 hepatitis e virus derived from a pig in Thailand. J Med Virol 2009;81:657-64.
28. Keawcharoen J, Thongmee T, Panyathong R, Joiphaeng P, Tuanthap S, Oraveerakul K, et al. Hepatitis e virus genotype 3f sequences from pigs in Thailand, 2011-2012. Virus Genes 2013;46:369-70.
29. Gonwong S, Chuenchitra T, Khantapura P, Islam D, Sirisopana N, Mason CJ. Pork consumption and seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus, Thailand, 2007-2008. Emerg Infect Dis 2014;20:1531-4.
30. Sa-Nguanmoo P, Posuwan N, Vichaiwattana P, Wutthiratkowit N, Owatanapanich S, Wasitthankasem R, et al. Swine is a possible source of hepatitis E virus infection by comparative study of hepatitis A and E seroprevalence in Thailand. PLoS One 2015 ;10(4).
31. Jupattanasin S, Chainuvati S, Chotiyaputta W, Chanmanee T, Supapueng O, Charoonruangrit U, et al. A Nationwide Survey of the Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infections Among Blood Donors in Thailand. Viral Immunol 2019;32:302-7.
32. Enouf V, Dos Reis G, Guthmann JP, Guerin PJ, Caron M, Marechal V, et al. Validation of single real-time TaqMan® PCR assay for the detection and quantitation of four major genotypes of hepatitis E virus in clinical specimens. J Med Virol 2006;78:1076-82.
33. Caron M, Enouf V, Than SC, Dellamonica L, Buisson Y, Nicand E. Identification of genotype 1 hepatitis E virus in samples from swine in Cambodia. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:3440-2.
34. Kitajima M, Matsubara K, Sour S, Haramoto E, Katayama H, Ohgaki S. First detection of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus RNA in river water in Cambodia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;103:955-7.
35. Blacksell SD, Myint KSA, Khounsy S, Phruaravanh M, Mammen MP, Day NPJ, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in pigs: implications for human infections in village-based subsistence pig farming in the Lao PDR. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007;101:305-7.
36. Conlan J V., Jarman RG, Vongxay K, Chinnawirotpisan P, Melendrez MC, Fenwick S, et al. Hepatitis E virus is prevalent in the pig population of Lao People’s Democratic Republic and evidence exists for homogeneity with Chinese Genotype 4 human isolates. Infect Genet Evol 2011;11:1306-11.
37. Conlan J V., Vongxay K, Jarman RG, Gibbons R V., Lunt RA, Fenwick S, et al. Serologic study of pig-associated viral zoonoses in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012;86:1077-84.
38. Bounlu K, Insisiengmay S, Vanthanouvong K, Saykham, Widjaja S, Iinuma K, et al. Acute Jaundice in Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:717-21.
39. Seow HF, Mahomed NMB, Mak JW, Riddell MA, Li F, Anderson DA. Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in Malaysia. J Med Virol 1999;59:164-8.
40. Ng KP, He J, Saw TL, Lyles CM. A seroprevalence study of viral hepatitis E infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected subjects in Malaysia. Med J Malaysia. 2000;55:58-64.
41. Aye TT, Uchida T, Ma X, IIda F, Shikata T, Ichikawa M, et al. Sequence and gene structure of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Myanmar. Virus Genes 1993;7:95-109.
42. Nakai K, Khin Maung Win, San San Oo, Arakawa Y, Abe K. Molecular characteristic-based epidemiology of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Myanmar. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:1536-9.
43. Koizumi Y, Isoda N, Sato Y, Iwaki T, Ono K, Ido K, et al. Infection of a Japanese patient by genotype 4 hepatitis E virus while traveling in Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:3883-5.
44. Hijikata M, Hayashi S, Trinh NT, Ha LD, Ohara H, Shimizu YK, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis E virus from Vietnam. Intervirology 2002;45:101-4.
45. Corwin AL, Khiem HB, Clayson ET, Sac PK, Nhung VTT, Yen VT, et al. A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1996;54:559-62.
46. Tran HTT, Ushijima H, Quang VX, Phuong N, Li TC, Hayashi S, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis virus types B through E and genotypic distribution of HBV and HCV in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Hepatol Res 2003;26:275-80.
47. Wibawa IDN, Suryadarma IGA, Mulyanto, Tsuda F, Matsumoto Y, Ninomiya M, et al. Identification of genotype 4 hepatitis E virus strains from a patient with acute hepatitis E and farm pigs in Bali, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2007;79:1138-46.
48. Wibawa IDN, Muljono DH, Mulyanto, Suryadarma IGA, Tsuda F, Takahashi M, et al. Prevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus among Apparently Healthy Humans and Pigs in Bali, Indonesia: Identification of A Pig Infected with A Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus. J Med Virol 2004;73:38-44.
49. Surya IGP, Kornia K, Suwardewa TGA, Mulyanto, Tsuda F, Mishiro S. Serological markers of hepatitis B, C, and E viruses and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infections in pregnant women in Bali, Indonesia. J Med Virol 2005;75:499-503.
50. Tan LTC, Tan J, Ang LW, Chan KP, Chiew KT, Cutter J, et al. Epidemiology of acute hepatitis E in Singapore. J Infect 2013;66:453-9.
51. Liu X, Saito M, Sayama Y, Suzuki E, Malbas FF, Galang HO, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular characteristics of hepatitis E virus in household-raised pig population in the Philippines. BMC Vet Res 2015;11(1).
52. Myint KSA, Duripunt P, Mammen MP, Sirisopana N, Rodkvamtook W, Gibbons R V. Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Thai Troops Deployed with U.N. Peacekeeping Forces. Mil Med 2007;172:1217-9.
53. Xin S, Xiao L. Clinical manifestations of hepatitis E. In: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer New York LLC; 2016.p.175-89.
54. Kamar N, Selves J, Mansuy J-M, Ouezzani L, Péron J-M, Guitard J, et al. Hepatitis E Virus and Chronic Hepatitis in Organ-Transplant Recipients. N Engl J Med 2008;358:811-7.
55. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Persistent Carriage of Hepatitis E Virus in Patients with HIV Infection. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1025-7.
56. Colson P, Kaba M, Moreau J, Brouqui P. Hepatitis E in an HIV-infected patient. J Clin Virol 2009;45:269-71.
57. Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J, Wittenborn JS, Wiersma ST. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology 2012;55:988-97.
58. Aggarwal R. Diagnosis of Hepatitis E. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:24-33.
59. Kmush BL, Labrique AB, Dalton HR, Ahmed ZB, Ticehurst JR, Heaney CD, et al. Two generations of “gold standards”: The impact of a decade in hepatitis e virus testing innovation on population seroprevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;93:714-7.
60. Pas SD, Streefkerk RHRA, Pronk M, de Man RA, Beersma MF, Osterhaus ADME, et al. Diagnostic performance of selected commercial HEV IgM and IgG ELISAs for immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. J Clin Virol 2013;58:629-34.
61. Takahashi M, Kusakai S, Mizuo H, Suzuki K, Fujimura K, Masuko K, et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:49-56.
62. Favorov MO, Fields HA, Purdy MA, Yashina TL, Aleksandrov AG, Alter MJ, et al. Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J Med Virol 1992;36:246-50.
63. Sultan Khuroo M, Kamili S, Yousuf Dar M, Moecklii R, Jameel S. Hepatitis E and long-term antibody status. Lancet 1993;341:1355.
64. Pisanic N, Rahman A, Saha SK, Labrique AB, Nelson KE, Granger DA, et al. Development of an oral fluid immunoassay to assess past and recent hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. J Immunol Methods 2017;448:1-8.
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Published
03-03-2020
How to Cite
Wasuwanich, P., Thawillarp, S. ., Ingviya, T. ., & Karnsakul, W. . (2020). Hepatitis E in Southeast Asia. Siriraj Medical Journal, 72(3), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2020.35
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