Evolution of Interventions to Prevent Mother- To-Child Transmission of HIV: Perspective from Thailand
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References
1. UNAIDS. Global Report:UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic
2010. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_
em.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
2. National AIDS Prevention and Alleviation Committee. UNGASS Country
Progress Report Thailand, Reporting Period January 2008 - December
2009. Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2010/thailand_
2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
3. Kanshana S, Simonds RJ. National program for preventing mother-child
HIV transmission in Thailand: successful implementation and lessons
learned. AIDS. 2002 May 3;16(7):953-9.
4. Phanuphak N, Lolekha R, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Thai national guidelines
for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: March
2010. Asian Biomed. 2010,4:529-540.
5. Chasombat S, McConnell MS, Siangphoe U, Yuktanont P, Jirawattanapisal T,
Fox K, et al. National expansion of antiretroviral treatment in Thailand,
2000-2007: program scale-up and patient outcomes. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr. 2009 Apr 15;50(5):506-12.
6. Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M. Motherto-
child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Nov;6(11):726-32.
7. Magder LS, Mofenson L, Paul ME, Zorrilla CD, Blattner WA, Tuomala
RE, et al. Risk factors for in utero and intrapartum transmission of HIV.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jan 1;38(1):87-95.
8. Newell ML, Dunn DT, Peckham CS, Semprini AE, Pardi G. Vertical
transmission of HIV-1: maternal immune status and obstetric factors.
The European Collaborative Study. AIDS. 1996 Dec;10(14):1675-81.
9. De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, et al.
Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries:
translating research into policy and practice. JAMA. 2000 Mar 1;283(9):
1175-82.
10. Miotti PG, Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead R, Mtimavalye LA,
Van der Hoeven L, et al. HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a
study in Malawi. JAMA. 1999 Aug 25;282(8):744-9.
11. Ekouevi DK, Coffie PA, Becquet R, Tonwe-Gold B, Horo A, Thiebaut R,
et al. Antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with advanced HIV
disease and pregnancy outcomes in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. AIDS. 2008
Sep 12;22(14):1815-20.
12. Hoffman RM, Black V, Technau K, van der Merwe KJ, Currier J, Coovadia
A, et al. Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy duration and
regimen on risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Johannesburg,
South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 May 1;54(1):35-41.
13. The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1--a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort
studies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med. 1999
Apr 1;340(13):977-87.
14. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical
HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 1999 Mar 27;353
(9158):1035-9.
15. Marazzi MC, Nielsen-Saines K, Buonomo E, Scarcella P, Germano P,
Majid NA, et al. Increased infant human immunodeficiency virus-type
one free survival at one year of age in sub-saharan Africa with maternal
use of highly active antiretroviral therapy during breast-feeding. Pediatr
Infect Dis J. 2009 Jun;28(6):483-7.
16. Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G,
Li Q, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk
HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 10;359(2):119-29.
17. Chasela CS, Hudgens MG, Jamieson DJ, Kayira D, Hosseinipour MC,
Kourtis AP, et al. Maternal or infant antiretroviral drugs to reduce HIV-1
transmission. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2271-81.
18. Thisyakorn U, Khongphatthanayothin M, Sirivichayakul S, Rongkavilit C,
Poolcharoen W, Kunanusont C, et al. Thai Red Cross zidovudine donation
program to prevent vertical transmission of HIV: the effect of the modified
ACTG 076 regimen. AIDS. 2000 Dec 22;14(18):2921-7.
19. Lallemant M, McIntosh K, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Vithayasai V, Lee
TH, et al. Ethics of placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine to prevent
the perinatal transmission of HIV in the Third World. N Engl J Med.
1998 Mar 19;338(12):839-40.
20. Phanuphak P. Ethical issues in studies in Thailand of the vertical transmission
of HIV. N Engl J Med. 1998 Mar 19;338(12):834-5.
21. Kanshana S, Thewanda D, Teeraratkul A, Limpakarnjanarat K, Amornwichet
P, Kullerk N, et al. Implementing short-course zidovudine to
reduce mother-infant HIV transmission in a large pilot program in
Thailand. AIDS. 2000 Jul 28;14(11):1617-23.
22. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, et al.
Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine
for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala,
Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Sep 4;354(9181):795-
802.
23. Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Mary JY, Ngo-Giang-Huong N,
Koetsawang S, et al. Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidovudine
to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. N
Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):217-28.
24. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants. Guidelines on care, treatment and support for
women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained
settings. Geneva 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/
en/arvdrugswomenguidelinesfinal.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
25. Cunningham CK, Chaix ML, Rekacewicz C, Britto P, Rouzioux C, Gelber
RD, et al. Development of resistance mutations in women receiving
standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum nevirapine to
prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission:
a substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 316. J Infect
Dis. 2002 Jul 15;186(2):181-8.
26. Eshleman SH, Guay LA, Mwatha A, Cunningham SP, Brown ER, Musoke
P, et al. Comparison of nevirapine (NVP) resistance in Ugandan women
7 days vs. 6-8 weeks after single-dose nvp prophylaxis: HIVNET 012.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Jun;20(6):595-9.
27. Eshleman SH, Jackson JB. Nevirapine resistance after single dose prophylaxis.
AIDS Rev. 2002 Apr-Jun;4(2):59-63.
28. Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, Deseyve M, Cunningham S, Mirochnick
M, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women
and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission
(HIVNET 012). AIDS. 2001 Oct 19;15(15):1951-7.
29. Jackson JB, Becker-Pergola G, Guay LA, Musoke P, Mracna M, Fowler
MG, et al. Identification of the K103N resistance mutation in Ugandan
women receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission. AIDS.
2000 Jul 28;14(11):F111-5.
30. Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, Bowonwatanuwong C,
Kantipong P, Leechanachai P, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine
and subsequent maternal responses to nevirapine-based antiretroviral
therapy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):229-40.
31. McIntyre JA, Martinson N, Gray GE. Single dose nevirapine combined
with a short course of combivir for prevention of mother to child transmission
of HIV-1 can significantly decrease the subsequent development
of maternal and infant resistant virus. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:S4.
32. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Recommendation for
a public health approach, 2006 version. Available from: http://www.who.
int/entity/hiv/pub/mtct/arv_guidelines_mtct.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
33. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Recommendation
for a public health approach, 2010 version. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.
who.int/publications/2010/9789241599818_eng.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
34. Klein R, Murray J. FDA Public Health Advisory for Nevirapine (Viramune).
Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/nevirapine.
htm. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
35. Hitti J, Frenkel LM, Stek AM, Nachman SA, Baker D, Gonzalez-Garcia
A, et al. Maternal toxicity with continuous nevirapine in pregnancy: results
from PACTG 1022. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Jul 1;36(3):772-6.
36. Watts DH, Covington DL, Beckerman K, Garcia P, Scheuerle A, Dominguez
K, et al. Assessing the risk of birth defects associated with antiretro
viral exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep;191(3):
985-92.
37. Townsend CL, Willey BA, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham CS, Tookey PA.
Antiretroviral therapy and congenital abnormalities in infants born to HIVinfected
women in the UK and Ireland, 1990-2007. AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23
(4):519-24.
38. Timmermans S, Tempelman C, Godfried MH, Nellen J, Dieleman J,
Sprenger H, et al. Nelfinavir and nevirapine side effects during pregnancy.
AIDS. 2005 May 20;19(8):795-9.
39. Sarner L, Fakoya A. Acute onset lactic acidosis and pancreatitis in the
third trimester of pregnancy in HIV-1 positive women taking antiretroviral
medication. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Feb;78(1):58-9.
40. Luzzati R, Del Bravo P, Di Perri G, Luzzani A, Concia E. Riboflavine
and severe lactic acidosis. Lancet. 1999 Mar 13;353(9156):901-2.
41. Bussmann H, Wester CW, Wester CN, Lekoko B, Okezie O, Thomas
AM, et al. Pregnancy rates and birth outcomes among women on efavirenzcontaining
highly active antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Jul 1;45(3):269-73.
42. Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, Bryson Y, Culnane M, Hughes
MD, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an
adverse outcome. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1863-70.
43. Briand N, Mandelbrot L, Le Chenadec J, Tubiana R, Teglas JP, Faye A,
et al. No relation between in-utero exposure to HAART and intrauterine
growth retardation. AIDS. 2009 Jun 19;23(10):1235-43.
44. Machado ES, Hofer CB, Costa TT, Nogueira SA, Oliveira RH, Abreu TF,
et al. Pregnancy outcome in women infected with HIV-1 receiving combination
antiretroviral therapy before versus after conception. Sex Transm
Infect. 2009 Apr;85(2):82-7.
45. Phanuphak N, Teeratakulpisarn S, Chinmahun A, et al. Efficacy and
safety of maternal triple-drug antiretroviral regimens for the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in the Thai Red Cross
PMTCT program, 2004-2010. The 18th Conferences on Retroviruses and
Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusettes, Feb 27 - Mar 2, 2011.
2010. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_
em.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
2. National AIDS Prevention and Alleviation Committee. UNGASS Country
Progress Report Thailand, Reporting Period January 2008 - December
2009. Available from: http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2010/thailand_
2010_country_progress_report_en.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
3. Kanshana S, Simonds RJ. National program for preventing mother-child
HIV transmission in Thailand: successful implementation and lessons
learned. AIDS. 2002 May 3;16(7):953-9.
4. Phanuphak N, Lolekha R, Chokephaibulkit K, et al. Thai national guidelines
for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: March
2010. Asian Biomed. 2010,4:529-540.
5. Chasombat S, McConnell MS, Siangphoe U, Yuktanont P, Jirawattanapisal T,
Fox K, et al. National expansion of antiretroviral treatment in Thailand,
2000-2007: program scale-up and patient outcomes. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr. 2009 Apr 15;50(5):506-12.
6. Kourtis AP, Lee FK, Abrams EJ, Jamieson DJ, Bulterys M. Motherto-
child transmission of HIV-1: timing and implications for prevention.
Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Nov;6(11):726-32.
7. Magder LS, Mofenson L, Paul ME, Zorrilla CD, Blattner WA, Tuomala
RE, et al. Risk factors for in utero and intrapartum transmission of HIV.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005 Jan 1;38(1):87-95.
8. Newell ML, Dunn DT, Peckham CS, Semprini AE, Pardi G. Vertical
transmission of HIV-1: maternal immune status and obstetric factors.
The European Collaborative Study. AIDS. 1996 Dec;10(14):1675-81.
9. De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E, et al.
Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries:
translating research into policy and practice. JAMA. 2000 Mar 1;283(9):
1175-82.
10. Miotti PG, Taha TE, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead R, Mtimavalye LA,
Van der Hoeven L, et al. HIV transmission through breastfeeding: a
study in Malawi. JAMA. 1999 Aug 25;282(8):744-9.
11. Ekouevi DK, Coffie PA, Becquet R, Tonwe-Gold B, Horo A, Thiebaut R,
et al. Antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women with advanced HIV
disease and pregnancy outcomes in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. AIDS. 2008
Sep 12;22(14):1815-20.
12. Hoffman RM, Black V, Technau K, van der Merwe KJ, Currier J, Coovadia
A, et al. Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy duration and
regimen on risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Johannesburg,
South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 May 1;54(1):35-41.
13. The mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1--a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort
studies. The International Perinatal HIV Group. N Engl J Med. 1999
Apr 1;340(13):977-87.
14. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical
HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet. 1999 Mar 27;353
(9158):1035-9.
15. Marazzi MC, Nielsen-Saines K, Buonomo E, Scarcella P, Germano P,
Majid NA, et al. Increased infant human immunodeficiency virus-type
one free survival at one year of age in sub-saharan Africa with maternal
use of highly active antiretroviral therapy during breast-feeding. Pediatr
Infect Dis J. 2009 Jun;28(6):483-7.
16. Kumwenda NI, Hoover DR, Mofenson LM, Thigpen MC, Kafulafula G,
Li Q, et al. Extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to reduce breast-milk
HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 10;359(2):119-29.
17. Chasela CS, Hudgens MG, Jamieson DJ, Kayira D, Hosseinipour MC,
Kourtis AP, et al. Maternal or infant antiretroviral drugs to reduce HIV-1
transmission. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 17;362(24):2271-81.
18. Thisyakorn U, Khongphatthanayothin M, Sirivichayakul S, Rongkavilit C,
Poolcharoen W, Kunanusont C, et al. Thai Red Cross zidovudine donation
program to prevent vertical transmission of HIV: the effect of the modified
ACTG 076 regimen. AIDS. 2000 Dec 22;14(18):2921-7.
19. Lallemant M, McIntosh K, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Vithayasai V, Lee
TH, et al. Ethics of placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine to prevent
the perinatal transmission of HIV in the Third World. N Engl J Med.
1998 Mar 19;338(12):839-40.
20. Phanuphak P. Ethical issues in studies in Thailand of the vertical transmission
of HIV. N Engl J Med. 1998 Mar 19;338(12):834-5.
21. Kanshana S, Thewanda D, Teeraratkul A, Limpakarnjanarat K, Amornwichet
P, Kullerk N, et al. Implementing short-course zidovudine to
reduce mother-infant HIV transmission in a large pilot program in
Thailand. AIDS. 2000 Jul 28;14(11):1617-23.
22. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, et al.
Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine
for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala,
Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Sep 4;354(9181):795-
802.
23. Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Mary JY, Ngo-Giang-Huong N,
Koetsawang S, et al. Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidovudine
to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. N
Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):217-28.
24. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants. Guidelines on care, treatment and support for
women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained
settings. Geneva 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/mtct/
en/arvdrugswomenguidelinesfinal.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
25. Cunningham CK, Chaix ML, Rekacewicz C, Britto P, Rouzioux C, Gelber
RD, et al. Development of resistance mutations in women receiving
standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum nevirapine to
prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission:
a substudy of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 316. J Infect
Dis. 2002 Jul 15;186(2):181-8.
26. Eshleman SH, Guay LA, Mwatha A, Cunningham SP, Brown ER, Musoke
P, et al. Comparison of nevirapine (NVP) resistance in Ugandan women
7 days vs. 6-8 weeks after single-dose nvp prophylaxis: HIVNET 012.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2004 Jun;20(6):595-9.
27. Eshleman SH, Jackson JB. Nevirapine resistance after single dose prophylaxis.
AIDS Rev. 2002 Apr-Jun;4(2):59-63.
28. Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay LA, Deseyve M, Cunningham S, Mirochnick
M, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women
and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission
(HIVNET 012). AIDS. 2001 Oct 19;15(15):1951-7.
29. Jackson JB, Becker-Pergola G, Guay LA, Musoke P, Mracna M, Fowler
MG, et al. Identification of the K103N resistance mutation in Ugandan
women receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission. AIDS.
2000 Jul 28;14(11):F111-5.
30. Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, Bowonwatanuwong C,
Kantipong P, Leechanachai P, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine
and subsequent maternal responses to nevirapine-based antiretroviral
therapy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 15;351(3):229-40.
31. McIntyre JA, Martinson N, Gray GE. Single dose nevirapine combined
with a short course of combivir for prevention of mother to child transmission
of HIV-1 can significantly decrease the subsequent development
of maternal and infant resistant virus. Antivir Ther. 2005;10:S4.
32. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Recommendation for
a public health approach, 2006 version. Available from: http://www.who.
int/entity/hiv/pub/mtct/arv_guidelines_mtct.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
33. WHO. Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing
HIV infection in infants: towards universal access. Recommendation
for a public health approach, 2010 version. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.
who.int/publications/2010/9789241599818_eng.pdf. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
34. Klein R, Murray J. FDA Public Health Advisory for Nevirapine (Viramune).
Available from: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/advisory/nevirapine.
htm. Accessed Dec 3, 2010.
35. Hitti J, Frenkel LM, Stek AM, Nachman SA, Baker D, Gonzalez-Garcia
A, et al. Maternal toxicity with continuous nevirapine in pregnancy: results
from PACTG 1022. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004 Jul 1;36(3):772-6.
36. Watts DH, Covington DL, Beckerman K, Garcia P, Scheuerle A, Dominguez
K, et al. Assessing the risk of birth defects associated with antiretro
viral exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Sep;191(3):
985-92.
37. Townsend CL, Willey BA, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham CS, Tookey PA.
Antiretroviral therapy and congenital abnormalities in infants born to HIVinfected
women in the UK and Ireland, 1990-2007. AIDS. 2009 Feb 20;23
(4):519-24.
38. Timmermans S, Tempelman C, Godfried MH, Nellen J, Dieleman J,
Sprenger H, et al. Nelfinavir and nevirapine side effects during pregnancy.
AIDS. 2005 May 20;19(8):795-9.
39. Sarner L, Fakoya A. Acute onset lactic acidosis and pancreatitis in the
third trimester of pregnancy in HIV-1 positive women taking antiretroviral
medication. Sex Transm Infect. 2002 Feb;78(1):58-9.
40. Luzzati R, Del Bravo P, Di Perri G, Luzzani A, Concia E. Riboflavine
and severe lactic acidosis. Lancet. 1999 Mar 13;353(9156):901-2.
41. Bussmann H, Wester CW, Wester CN, Lekoko B, Okezie O, Thomas
AM, et al. Pregnancy rates and birth outcomes among women on efavirenzcontaining
highly active antiretroviral therapy in Botswana. J Acquir
Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Jul 1;45(3):269-73.
42. Tuomala RE, Shapiro DE, Mofenson LM, Bryson Y, Culnane M, Hughes
MD, et al. Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy and the risk of an
adverse outcome. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 13;346(24):1863-70.
43. Briand N, Mandelbrot L, Le Chenadec J, Tubiana R, Teglas JP, Faye A,
et al. No relation between in-utero exposure to HAART and intrauterine
growth retardation. AIDS. 2009 Jun 19;23(10):1235-43.
44. Machado ES, Hofer CB, Costa TT, Nogueira SA, Oliveira RH, Abreu TF,
et al. Pregnancy outcome in women infected with HIV-1 receiving combination
antiretroviral therapy before versus after conception. Sex Transm
Infect. 2009 Apr;85(2):82-7.
45. Phanuphak N, Teeratakulpisarn S, Chinmahun A, et al. Efficacy and
safety of maternal triple-drug antiretroviral regimens for the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in the Thai Red Cross
PMTCT program, 2004-2010. The 18th Conferences on Retroviruses and
Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusettes, Feb 27 - Mar 2, 2011.
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Published
03-04-2020
How to Cite
Phanuphak, N. ., Chokephaibulkit, K. . ., Boonsuk, S. ., Chaithongwongwatthana, S. ., Jadwattanakul, T., Bhakeecheep, S. ., & Phanuphak, P. . (2020). Evolution of Interventions to Prevent Mother- To-Child Transmission of HIV: Perspective from Thailand. Siriraj Medical Journal, 63(1), 20–24. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/sirirajmedj/article/view/240899
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