Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Its Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2020.37Keywords:
Epidemiology, Hepatology, SARS-CoV-2, Transplantation, EndoscopyAbstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe respiratory disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 that became classified as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is known to produce similar clinical manifestations to SARS of the last decade. Fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, dyspnea, and sore throat are some of the most common symptoms and the median incubation period is around 4 days. While the respiratory manifestations have been widely reported, clinical manifestations on the gastrointestinal and hepatic side have often been overlooked. Diarrhea and nausea or vomiting have been reported in approximately 1-5% of cases and sometimes they precede respiratory symptoms. COVID-19 has also been reported to cause hemorrhagic colitis in one case Live SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in stool so, there is a possibility of fecal-oral transmission thus it recommended that non-urgent and low prior endoscopies be postponed. For endoscopies that cannot be postponed, SARS-CoV-2 screening of patients, minimal personnel, infection control training, and usage of negative pressure rooms are recommended. Evidence of abnormal liver-associated biomarker values have been commonly reported, however, there is evidence of extrahepatic causes those abnormal biomarker values. The evidence suggest that COVID-19 patients can have true liver injury, however, it is mild and the abnormal liver-associated biomarker values may be caused, at least partially, but muscle injury. Drugs with hepatotoxicity should be used with increased caution in COVID-19 patients.
References
1. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497–506.
2. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565–74.
3. Wan W. WHO declares a pandemic of coronavirus disease covid-19. The Washington Post. 2020 Mar 11;
4. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;
5. Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
6. Cavallo JJ, Donoho DA, Forman HP. Hospital Capacity and Operations in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic—Planning for the Nth Patient. JAMA Heal Forum. 2020 Mar 2;1(3):e200345–e200345.
7. Guarner J. Three Emerging Coronaviruses in Two DecadesThe Story of SARS, MERS, and Now COVID-19. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020 Mar 9;153(4):420–1.
8. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 1;55(3):105924.
9. Coronavirus [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3
10. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 28;NEJMoa2002032.
11. Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html
12. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 29;
13. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061–9.
14. Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Mar 17;
15. Graham Carlos W, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-NCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb 15;201(4):P7–8.
16. Desai AN, Patel P. Stopping the Spread of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Mar 20;
17. Bourouiba L. Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;
18. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
19. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association; 2020.
20. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, et al. Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;
21. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507–13.
22. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054–62.
23. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Mar 13;
24. Xiao Y, Pan H, She Q, Wang F, Chen M. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;1253(20):1–2.
25. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F. Liver injury in COVID-19 : management and challenges. Lancet. 2020;10(20):2019–21.
26. What to Know About HIV and COVID-19 [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/hiv.html
27. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):809–15.
28. Fang F, Luo XP. Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections: the pediatric perspectives. Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese J Pediatr. 2020 Feb 2;58(0):E001.
29. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, Yan J, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;
30. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 24;20(4):425–34.
31. Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, Chen J, Shu D, Xia J, et al. Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study. Engineering. 2020 Mar 18;
32. Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Zhao Q. Suggestions for infection prevention and control in digestive endoscopy during current 2019-nCoV pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Endoscopy. 2020 Apr 25;52(04):312–4.
33. Carvalho A, Alqusairi R, Adams A, Paul M, Kothari N, Peters S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Colitis: Implications for Detection and Transmission of COVID-19 Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;
34. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S, Shu C, Wang D, Weekly JS-CC, et al. Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(8):123–4.
35. Zhang J, Wang S, Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 12;jmv.25742.
36. Goh GK-M, Dunker AK, Foster JA, Uversky VN. Rigidity of the Outer Shell Predicted by a Protein Intrinsic Disorder Model Sheds Light on the COVID-19 (Wuhan-2019-nCoV) Infectivity. Biomolecules. 2020 Feb 19;10(2):331.
37. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020 Mar 3;
38. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;
39. Ianiro G, Mullish BH, Kelly CR, Sokol H, Kassam Z, Ng S, et al. Screening of faecal microbiota transplant donors during the COVID-19 outbreak: suggestions for urgent updates from an international expert panel. lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Mar 16;1253(20):2019–20.
40. Important Information for Human Cell, Tissue, or Cellular or Tissue-based Product (HCT/P) Establishments Regarding the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak | FDA [Internet]. Food and Drug Administration. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/important-information-human-cell-tissue-or-cellular-or-tissue-based-product-hctp-establishments
41. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE COVID-19: EBMT RECOMMENDATIONS (UPDATE MARCH 23, 2020) | EBMT [Internet]. European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ebmt.org/ebmt/news/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-ebmt-recommendations-update-march-23-2020
42. D’Amario C, Tamburrini MR, Maraglino FP, Tamburini C, Brusaferro S, Rezza G, et al. CIRCOLARE del Centro nazionale trapianti [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2020&codLeg=73508&parte=1 &serie=null
43. Ianiro G, Murri R, Sciumè GD, Impagnatiello M, Masucci L, Ford AC, et al. Incidence of bloodstream infections, length of hospital stay, and survival in patients with recurrent clostridioides difficile infection treated with fecal microbiota transplantation or antibiotics a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Nov 19;171(10):695–702.
44. Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Kelly CR, Mullish BH, Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, et al. International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut. 2019 Dec 1;68(12):2111–21.
45. Current Data | Secure-IBD Database [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://covidibd.org/current-data/
46. Thompson CC, Shen L, Lee LS. COVID-19 in Endoscopy: Time to do more? Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;0(0).
47. Luthi S. Surgeon General advises hospitals to cancel elective surgeries - POLITICO [Internet]. Politico. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/14/surgeon-general-elective-surgeries-coronavirus-129405
48. Soetikno R, Teoh AY, Kaltenbach T, Lau JY, Asokkumar R, Cabral-Prodigalidad P, et al. Considerations in performing endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;0(0).
49. Repici A, Maselli R, Colombo M, Gabbiadini R, Spadaccini M, Anderloni A, et al. Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: what the department of endoscopy should know. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;
50. Infection Control: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [Internet]. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html
51. Calderwood AH, Day LW, Muthusamy VR, Collins J, Hambrick RD, Brock AS, et al. ASGE guideline for infection control during GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 May 1;87(5):1167–79.
52. Chang HL, Chen KT, Lai SK, Kuo HW, Su IJ, Lin RS, et al. Hematological and biochemical factors predicting SARS fatality in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006 Jan 1;105(6):439–50.
53. Lu Y, Yin C, Tang X, Yang Z, Lei C, Chen W, et al. Clinical characteristics and mechanism of liver function injury in 250 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. China J Mod Med. 2004;23:121–3.
54. Zhao L, Xing H, Xu L. Effect of SARS-associated coronavirus on peripheral blood picture and liver function. Chinese Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov 1;16(11):660–3.
55. Yang Z, Xu M, Yi J-Q, Jia W-D. Clinical characteristics and mechanism of liver damage in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2005 Feb;4(1):60–3.
56. Wang JT, Sheng WH, Fang CT, Chen YC, Wang JL, Yu CJ, et al. Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(5):818–24.
57. Arabi YM, Al-Omari A, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Alraddadi B, et al. Critically Ill patients with the middle east respiratory syndrome: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2017 Oct 1;45(10):1683–95.
58. Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Al-Rabiah FA, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Barrak A, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Sep 1;13(9):752–61.
59. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Feb 24;
60. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020 Mar 27;
61. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020 Feb 1;368.
62. Cui Y, Tian M, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Fan L, et al. A 55-Day-Old Female Infant infected with COVID 19: presenting with pneumonia, liver injury, and heart damage. J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 17;
63. Cao J, Hu X, Cheng W, Yu L, Tu WJ, Liu Q. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Mar 2;1–3.
64. Guan GW, Gao L, Wang JW, Wen XJ, Mao TH, Peng SW, et al. Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 20;28(2):E002.
65. Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, Niu L, Guo J, Liao M, et al. Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies. 2020 Mar 20;
66. Oh RC, Hustead TR. Causes and evaluation of mildly elevated liver transaminase levels. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(9):1003–8.
67. Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Vol. 103, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004. p. 981–91.
68. Cao W, Liu Phd X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;ofaa102.
69. Rismanbaf A, Zarei S. Liver and Kidney Injuries in COVID-19 and Their Effects on Drug Therapy; a Letter to Editor. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e17.
70. D’Antiga L. Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients. The facts during the third epidemic. Liver Transplant. 2020 Mar 20;
71. Qin J, Wang H, Qin X, Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Perioperative Presentation of COVID-19 Disease in a Liver Transplant Recipient. Hepatology. 2020 Mar 27;
72. Take Steps to Prevent Getting Sick [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/get-ready.html
2. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020 Feb 22;395(10224):565–74.
3. Wan W. WHO declares a pandemic of coronavirus disease covid-19. The Washington Post. 2020 Mar 11;
4. Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;
5. Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
6. Cavallo JJ, Donoho DA, Forman HP. Hospital Capacity and Operations in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic—Planning for the Nth Patient. JAMA Heal Forum. 2020 Mar 2;1(3):e200345–e200345.
7. Guarner J. Three Emerging Coronaviruses in Two DecadesThe Story of SARS, MERS, and Now COVID-19. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020 Mar 9;153(4):420–1.
8. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 1;55(3):105924.
9. Coronavirus [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_3
10. Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, Liang W, Ou C, He J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 28;NEJMoa2002032.
11. Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/symptoms.html
12. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 29;
13. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061–9.
14. Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, et al. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Mar 17;
15. Graham Carlos W, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S, Jamil S. Novel Wuhan (2019-NCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Feb 15;201(4):P7–8.
16. Desai AN, Patel P. Stopping the Spread of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Mar 20;
17. Bourouiba L. Turbulent Gas Clouds and Respiratory Pathogen Emissions Potential Implications for Reducing Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;
18. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations
19. Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, Tian F, Jin DY, Chen L, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association. American Medical Association; 2020.
20. Young BE, Ong SWX, Kalimuddin S, Low JG, Tan SY, Loh J, et al. Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2020;
21. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507–13.
22. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054–62.
23. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Mar 13;
24. Xiao Y, Pan H, She Q, Wang F, Chen M. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;1253(20):1–2.
25. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F. Liver injury in COVID-19 : management and challenges. Lancet. 2020;10(20):2019–21.
26. What to Know About HIV and COVID-19 [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/hiv.html
27. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):809–15.
28. Fang F, Luo XP. Facing the pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus infections: the pediatric perspectives. Zhonghua er ke za zhi = Chinese J Pediatr. 2020 Feb 2;58(0):E001.
29. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, Sun Y, Wang R, Yan J, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;
30. Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 24;20(4):425–34.
31. Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, Chen J, Shu D, Xia J, et al. Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study. Engineering. 2020 Mar 18;
32. Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Zhao Q. Suggestions for infection prevention and control in digestive endoscopy during current 2019-nCoV pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Endoscopy. 2020 Apr 25;52(04):312–4.
33. Carvalho A, Alqusairi R, Adams A, Paul M, Kothari N, Peters S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Gastrointestinal Infection Causing Hemorrhagic Colitis: Implications for Detection and Transmission of COVID-19 Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;
34. Zhang Y, Chen C, Zhu S, Shu C, Wang D, Weekly JS-CC, et al. Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a stool specimen of a laboratory-confirmed case of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). China CDC Wkly. 2020;2(8):123–4.
35. Zhang J, Wang S, Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 12;jmv.25742.
36. Goh GK-M, Dunker AK, Foster JA, Uversky VN. Rigidity of the Outer Shell Predicted by a Protein Intrinsic Disorder Model Sheds Light on the COVID-19 (Wuhan-2019-nCoV) Infectivity. Biomolecules. 2020 Feb 19;10(2):331.
37. Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: Gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. Gastroenterology. 2020 Mar 3;
38. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology. 2020;
39. Ianiro G, Mullish BH, Kelly CR, Sokol H, Kassam Z, Ng S, et al. Screening of faecal microbiota transplant donors during the COVID-19 outbreak: suggestions for urgent updates from an international expert panel. lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Mar 16;1253(20):2019–20.
40. Important Information for Human Cell, Tissue, or Cellular or Tissue-based Product (HCT/P) Establishments Regarding the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak | FDA [Internet]. Food and Drug Administration. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/important-information-human-cell-tissue-or-cellular-or-tissue-based-product-hctp-establishments
41. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE COVID-19: EBMT RECOMMENDATIONS (UPDATE MARCH 23, 2020) | EBMT [Internet]. European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.ebmt.org/ebmt/news/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-ebmt-recommendations-update-march-23-2020
42. D’Amario C, Tamburrini MR, Maraglino FP, Tamburini C, Brusaferro S, Rezza G, et al. CIRCOLARE del Centro nazionale trapianti [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf?anno=2020&codLeg=73508&parte=1 &serie=null
43. Ianiro G, Murri R, Sciumè GD, Impagnatiello M, Masucci L, Ford AC, et al. Incidence of bloodstream infections, length of hospital stay, and survival in patients with recurrent clostridioides difficile infection treated with fecal microbiota transplantation or antibiotics a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Nov 19;171(10):695–702.
44. Cammarota G, Ianiro G, Kelly CR, Mullish BH, Allegretti JR, Kassam Z, et al. International consensus conference on stool banking for faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice. Gut. 2019 Dec 1;68(12):2111–21.
45. Current Data | Secure-IBD Database [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://covidibd.org/current-data/
46. Thompson CC, Shen L, Lee LS. COVID-19 in Endoscopy: Time to do more? Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;0(0).
47. Luthi S. Surgeon General advises hospitals to cancel elective surgeries - POLITICO [Internet]. Politico. 2020 [cited 2020 Mar 31]. Available from: https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/14/surgeon-general-elective-surgeries-coronavirus-129405
48. Soetikno R, Teoh AY, Kaltenbach T, Lau JY, Asokkumar R, Cabral-Prodigalidad P, et al. Considerations in performing endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;0(0).
49. Repici A, Maselli R, Colombo M, Gabbiadini R, Spadaccini M, Anderloni A, et al. Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: what the department of endoscopy should know. Gastrointest Endosc. 2020 Mar;
50. Infection Control: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [Internet]. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html
51. Calderwood AH, Day LW, Muthusamy VR, Collins J, Hambrick RD, Brock AS, et al. ASGE guideline for infection control during GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018 May 1;87(5):1167–79.
52. Chang HL, Chen KT, Lai SK, Kuo HW, Su IJ, Lin RS, et al. Hematological and biochemical factors predicting SARS fatality in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006 Jan 1;105(6):439–50.
53. Lu Y, Yin C, Tang X, Yang Z, Lei C, Chen W, et al. Clinical characteristics and mechanism of liver function injury in 250 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. China J Mod Med. 2004;23:121–3.
54. Zhao L, Xing H, Xu L. Effect of SARS-associated coronavirus on peripheral blood picture and liver function. Chinese Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov 1;16(11):660–3.
55. Yang Z, Xu M, Yi J-Q, Jia W-D. Clinical characteristics and mechanism of liver damage in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2005 Feb;4(1):60–3.
56. Wang JT, Sheng WH, Fang CT, Chen YC, Wang JL, Yu CJ, et al. Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(5):818–24.
57. Arabi YM, Al-Omari A, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Sindi AA, Alraddadi B, et al. Critically Ill patients with the middle east respiratory syndrome: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2017 Oct 1;45(10):1683–95.
58. Assiri A, Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Rabeeah AA, Al-Rabiah FA, Al-Hajjar S, Al-Barrak A, et al. Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: A descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Sep 1;13(9):752–61.
59. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Feb 24;
60. Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H, et al. Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020 Mar 27;
61. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020 Feb 1;368.
62. Cui Y, Tian M, Huang D, Wang X, Huang Y, Fan L, et al. A 55-Day-Old Female Infant infected with COVID 19: presenting with pneumonia, liver injury, and heart damage. J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 17;
63. Cao J, Hu X, Cheng W, Yu L, Tu WJ, Liu Q. Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 18 patients with corona virus disease 2019 in intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Mar 2;1–3.
64. Guan GW, Gao L, Wang JW, Wen XJ, Mao TH, Peng SW, et al. Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 20;28(2):E002.
65. Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, Niu L, Guo J, Liao M, et al. Pathological Study of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) through Post-Mortem Core Biopsies. 2020 Mar 20;
66. Oh RC, Hustead TR. Causes and evaluation of mildly elevated liver transaminase levels. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(9):1003–8.
67. Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Vol. 103, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2004. p. 981–91.
68. Cao W, Liu Phd X, Bai T, Fan H, Hong K, Song H, et al. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;ofaa102.
69. Rismanbaf A, Zarei S. Liver and Kidney Injuries in COVID-19 and Their Effects on Drug Therapy; a Letter to Editor. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e17.
70. D’Antiga L. Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients. The facts during the third epidemic. Liver Transplant. 2020 Mar 20;
71. Qin J, Wang H, Qin X, Zhang P, Zhu L, Cai J, et al. Perioperative Presentation of COVID-19 Disease in a Liver Transplant Recipient. Hepatology. 2020 Mar 27;
72. Take Steps to Prevent Getting Sick [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Preventation. 2020 [cited 2020 Apr 2]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/get-ready.html
Downloads
Published
15-05-2020
How to Cite
Wasuwanich, P. ., Thawillarp, S. ., Ingviya, T. ., & Karnsakul, W. . (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Its Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations. Siriraj Medical Journal, 72(4), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2020.37
Issue
Section
Special Issue
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following conditions:
Copyright Transfer
In submitting a manuscript, the authors acknowledge that the work will become the copyrighted property of Siriraj Medical Journal upon publication.
License
Articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows for the sharing of the work for non-commercial purposes with proper attribution to the authors and the journal. However, it does not permit modifications or the creation of derivative works.
Sharing and Access
Authors are encouraged to share their article on their personal or institutional websites and through other non-commercial platforms. Doing so can increase readership and citations.
