Chronicle of Anatomical Education in Thailand: Experiences at Siriraj Medical School

Authors

  • Adisorn Ratanayotha Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok/Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
  • Eve Mon Oo Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok/Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine Taunggyi, Taunggyi, Shan State, Myanmar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2022.55

Keywords:

Anatomical education, cadaveric dissection, cadaver preservation, anatomical specimens, educational multimedia, medical school

Abstract

Anatomical education in Thailand has advanced significantly since the first class at Siriraj Medical School in 1890. Gross anatomy was formerly taught by traditional lectures and demonstrations using human anatomical models until cadaveric dissection was officially integrated into the medical curriculum in 1906. Educational standard at the medical school was then raised to an international level during the reform of the medical curriculum with the cooperation of the Rockefeller Foundation in 1923-1935, with the main anatomical disciplines organized into correlated courses, and it has since been continuously improved to the present day. This review summarizes a brief history of anatomical education in Thailand based on experiences at Siriraj Medical School, together with detailing the most significant developments that have occurred over time. Advancements in cadaver preservation and modern educational materials for anatomy teaching are also covered. The primary goal of all advances in anatomical education is to provide students with positive learning experiences that will also improve their learning outcomes.

References

Sangvichien S. Siriraj Hospital: the first hospital. In: Sirinavin C, Thongcharoen P, Ratanamaneechat S, editors. Siriraj Hospital’s Centennial: history and development. Bangkok, Thailand: Victory Powerpoint Co. Ltd; 1988.p.1-26.

Sangvichien S. Anatomy in Thailand, Part I before 1928. Cremation volume for Luang Kayavibhag Banyai: Chuan Pim Press; 1964.p.84-100.

Diloksambandh V. The development of anatomy at Siriraj Medical School. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1982;34(10):823-7.

Sangvichien S. Royal Medical College. In: Sirinavin C, Thongcharoen P, Ratanamaneechat S, editors. Siriraj Hospital’s Centennial: history and development. Bangkok, Thailand: Victory Powerpoint Co., Ltd; 1988.p.35-84.

McFarland GB. Anatomy Vol. I and II. 2nd ed. Bangkok, Thailand; 1916.

McFarland GB. McFarland Family History. In: Borirakwetchakan, editor. Cremation volume for Prah Arj Vidyagom (George B McFarland). Bangkok, Thailand: Sereewanich Press; 1950. p. 1-23.

Khun Chamni Vejasarn. Siriraj Medical School 50 years ago (Part I). Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1967;19(11):601-7.

Sangvichien S. Professor Crosby and the teaching of neuroanatomy in Thailand. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1984;36(5):327-40.

Sangvichien S. The development of the Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University, as well as the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, between 1923 and 1935. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1984;36(1):35-53.

Sangvichien S. Faculty of Medicine and Siriraj Hospital, Chulalongkorn University. In: Sirinavin C, Thongcharoen P, Ratanamaneechat S, editors. Siriraj Hospital’s Centennial: history and development. Bangkok, Thailand: Victory Powerpoint Co. Ltd; 1988.p.85-180.

Sangvichien S. Reform of the medical education in Thailand during the cooperation with the Rockefeller Foundation, between 1923-1935. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1983;35(7):661-70.

Sangvichien S. Anatomical knowledge in our country. In: Sangvichien S, editor. Professor Edgar Davidson Congdon and the History of Anatomy in Thailand until 1967. Bangkok, Thailand: Aksorn Sampan Press; 1967. p. 78-122.

Sangvichien S. Medical curriculum during the cooperation with the Rockefeller Foundation (1923-1935). Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1983;35(6):569-83.

Congdon ED. An attempt to improve the methods of anatomical teaching, including the organization of the dissection to an unusual degree by systems and the bringing of the developmental, gross, and microscopic anatomy of individual organs together in the schedule. The Anatomical Record. 1930;45(4):323-37.

Sangvichien S. Professor E.D. Congdon. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1967;19(3):169-81.

Sangvichien S. History of Congdon’s Anatomical Museum. In: Sangvichien S, editor. Memorial note: cerebration of Anatomy and Physiology Building with the official opening of Congdon’s Anatomical Museum. Bangkok, Thailand: Thai Kosana; 1948.

Editorial Team of 120 Memorabilia of Siriraj. Medical education: how the medical school began and developed. In: Sangvichien S, Sukpanichnant S, Sangruji T, Mekanant P, Namatra C, Em-yam S, et al., editors. 120 Memorabilia of Siriraj. Bangkok, Thailand: Plan Printing Co., Ltd.; 2008.p.230-311.

Sangvichien S. Anatomy in Thailand, Part II. In: Sangvichien S, editor. Professor Edgar Davidson Congdon and the History of Anatomy in Thailand until 1967. Bangkok, Thailand: Aksorn Sampan Press; 1967.p.47-77.

Sangvichien S. In remembrance of Lim. In: Sangvichien S, editor. Cremation volume for Lim Chullabhandh. Bangkok, Thailand: Aksorn Sampan Press; 1970.p. 9-14.

Sangvichien S. Sood Sangvichien’s Textbook of Anatomy: dissection directions. 2nd ed. Bangkok, Thailand; 2009.

Sangvichien S. Faculty of Medicine and Siriraj Hospital, the University of Medical Sciences. In: Sirinavin C, Thongcharoen P, Ratanamaneechat S, editors. Siriraj Hospital’s Centennial: history and development. Bangkok, Thailand: Victory Powerpoint Co. Ltd; 1988. p. 181-264.

Diloksambandh V. The curriculum of anatomy at Siriraj. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1972;24(8):1319-32.

Subhavan V, Pramankij S, Solheim WG. Sood Sangvichien, 1907-1995. Asian Perspectives. 1997;36(2):260-4.

Sangvichien S. Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. In: Sirinavin C, Thongcharoen P, Ratanamaneechat S, editors. Siriraj Hospital’s Centennial: history and development. Bangkok, Thailand: Victory Powerpoint Co. Ltd; 1988. p. 265-324.

Diloksambandh V. The teaching of topographic anatomy. Siriraj Hosp Gaz. 1984;36(4):251-4.

Shimura T, Aramaki T, Shimizu K, Miyashita T, Adachi K, Teramoto A. Implementation of integrated medical curriculum in Japanese medical schools. J Nippon Med Sch. 2004;71(1):11-6.

Smith CF, Freeman SK, Heylings D, Finn GM, Davies DC. Anatomy education for medical students in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in 2019: A 20-year follow-up. Anat Sci Educ. 2021.

McBride JM, Drake RL. National survey on anatomical sciences in medical education. Anat Sci Educ. 2018;11(1):7-14.

Bouwer HE, Valter K, Webb AL. Current integration of dissection in medical education in Australia and New Zealand: Challenges and successes. Anat Sci Educ. 2016;9(2):161-70.

Pather N, Blyth P, Chapman JA, Dayal MR, Flack N, Fogg QA, et al. Forced Disruption of Anatomy Education in Australia and New Zealand: An Acute Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Anat Sci Educ. 2020;13(3):284-300.

Longhurst GJ, Stone DM, Dulohery K, Scully D, Campbell T, Smith CF. Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Threat (SWOT) Analysis of the Adaptations to Anatomical Education in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Anat Sci Educ. 2020;13(3):301-11.

Harmon DJ, Attardi SM, Barremkala M, Bentley DC, Brown KM, Dennis JF, et al. An Analysis of Anatomy Education Before and During Covid-19: May-August 2020. Anat Sci Educ. 2021;14(2):132-47.

Shin M, Prasad A, Sabo G, Macnow ASR, Sheth NP, Cross MB, et al. Anatomy education in US Medical Schools: before, during, and beyond COVID-19. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):103.

Nakai K, Terada S, Takahara A, Hage D, Tubbs RS, Iwanaga J. Anatomy education for medical students in a virtual reality workspace: A pilot study. Clin Anat. 2022;35(1):40-4.

Sangvichien S. Anatomical studies and research projects. In: Sangvichien S, editor. Professor Edgar Devidson Congdon and the History of Anatomy in Thailand until 1967. Bangkok, Thailand: Aksorn Sampan Press; 1967.p.123-42.

Sangchay N. The soft cadaver (Thiel’s Method) : the new type of cadaver of Department of Anatomy, Siriraj Hospital. Siriraj Med J. 2014;66(6 Suppl):S228-S31.

Thiel W. Supplement to the conservation of an entire cadaver according to W. Thiel. Ann Anat. 2002;184(3):267-9.

Ottone NE, Vargas CA, Fuentes R, Del Sol M. Walter thiel’s embalming method. Review of solutions and applications in different fields of biomedical research. International Journal of Morphology. 2016;34(4):1442-54.

Miyake S, Suenaga J, Miyazaki R, Sasame J, Akimoto T, Tanaka T, et al. Thiel’s embalming method with additional intra-cerebral ventricular formalin injection (TEIF) for cadaver training of head and brain surgery. Anat Sci Int. 2020;95(4):564-70.

von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. The current potential of plastination. Anat Embryol. 1987;175(4):411-21.

Amonmettajit N, Waema M, Wiwatwongsakul A. Improvement S10 method for higher quality of plastinated gross specimens. Siriraj Med J. 2019;71(Suppl 1):S90-S2.

Ratanalekha R, Oonjitti T, Piyaman P, Ongsiriporn M, Ittawittayawat P. Colored contrast agent for three-dimensional CT angiography and anatomical dissection: a cadaveric study. Siriraj Med J. 2019;71(Suppl 1):S9-S13.

Ratanalekha R, Sangkamard K, Chongkolwatana W, Piyaman P, Predapramote P. Comparing orthodontic methylmethacrylate and polyurethane-based media in corrosion casting: for medical education. Siriraj Med J. 2019;71(Suppl 1):S14-S8.

Piyaman P, Patchanee K, Oonjitti T, Ratanalekha R, Yodrabum N. Surgical anatomy of vascularized submental lymph node flap: Sharing arterial supply of lymph nodes with the skin and topographic relationship with anterior belly of digastric muscle. J Surg Oncol. 2020;121(1):144-52.

Yodrabum N, Patchanee K, Oonjitti T, Piyaman P. Technical Challenges in “Micro” Lymph Node Identification during Vascularized Submental Lymph Node Flap Harvesting. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(12):e3330-e.

Steinmann WF. Makroskopische Präparationsmethoden in der Medizin. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme; 1982.

König HE, Probst A, Sora C, Dier H. Production of anatomical specimens for teaching practice in veterinary anatomy by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG) impregnation. a comparison with the method of plastination. Chilean J Agric Anim Sci. 2013;29:59-64.

Ventola CL. Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. P T. 2014;39(10):704-11.

AbouHashem Y, Dayal M, Savanah S, Štrkalj G. The application of 3D printing in anatomy education. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:29847.

Ye Z, Dun A, Jiang H, Nie C, Zhao S, Wang T, et al. The role of 3D printed models in the teaching of human anatomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):335.

Srikong M, Wannapiroon P. Immersive technology for medical education: Technology enhance immersive learning experiences. Siriraj Med J. 2020;72(3):265-71.

Published

01-07-2022

How to Cite

Ratanayotha, A. ., & Oo, E. M. . (2022). Chronicle of Anatomical Education in Thailand: Experiences at Siriraj Medical School. Siriraj Medical Journal, 74(7), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.33192/Smj.2022.55

Issue

Section

Review Article