The Relationship Between Primary Caregivers’ Psychosocial Factors and Self Esteem in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: An Exploratory Crosssectional Study

Prakasit  Wannapaschaiyong; Amornrat  Penphattarakul; Pat  Rojmahamongkol; Sureelak  Sutchritpongsa

doi:10.33192/smj.v75i8.263447

Authors

Prakasit Wannapaschaiyong Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
Amornrat Penphattarakul Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok
Pat Rojmahamongkol Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok
Sureelak Sutchritpongsa Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33192/smj.v75i8.263447

Keywords:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-esteem, caregiver, psychosocial factor, depression

Abstract

Objective: This study examined the correlation between primary caregivers’ psychosocial factors and self-esteem in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involving primary caregivers and their children with ADHD, aged 8-15, was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023. The children’s self-esteem was assessed using the Five-Scale Test of Self-Esteem for Children. Primary caregivers’ psychosocial factors were assessed using the Attitude of Parenting Questionnaire, Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item. Descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression were used to determine the associations among variables.

Results: The study included 66 pairs of children and adolescents with ADHD and their primary caregivers. The study found 53% of caregivers screened positive for depression, while 16.7% screened positive for anxiety. Almost all caregivers (90.9%) adopted an authoritative parenting. The mean self-esteem score in participants with ADHD was 39.23±8.99. Younger caregivers, those with an education level below a bachelor’s degree, higher monthly income, positive screening for depression, and lower attitudes toward parenting scores were significantly associated with low self-esteem scores in their children.

Conclusion: Age, education level of caregivers, and monthly family income were significantly correlated with the self-esteem of children and adolescents with ADHD. The attitudes of caregivers towards parenting and depression in caregivers also impacted self-esteem of children with ADHD under their care. Thus, strategies aimed at promoting positive caregiving attitudes, regular screening of caregivers for depression, and providing appropriate treatment are recommended to enhance self-esteem in children and adolescents with ADHD.

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