A Reciprocal Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants, and Cancer: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33192/smj.v76i8.268647Keywords:
nutritional supplements, antioxidants, anticancer agents, oxidative stress, ROSAbstract
Oxidative stress is a defense mechanism that occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive metabolites and free radicals and the antioxidants' ability to eliminate them. Reactive metabolites are free radicals referred to as oxidants or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells are harmed by this imbalance, which may influence the entire body. When the intra- and extracellular environmental circumstances in cells change, ROS is essential for stimulating the corresponding signaling pathways. All aspects of carcinogenesis, including prevention and treatment, are tightly associated with reactive species, particularly ROS. Numerous tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes are deregulated by ROS, which also modify several cellular signaling pathways. However, most chemotherapy drugs and even radiation therapy dramatically raise the ROS concentrations in the tumor microenvironment. Antioxidants cause programmed cell death, which is used in cancer treatment; yet people receiving chemotherapy benefit from antioxidants. Nevertheless, the exact processes underlying this anticancer action remain unclear. Many studies carried out in laboratories and on animals revealed high concentrations of exogenic antioxidants, that inhibit the forms of free radical injury linked with the formation of cancer. There haven't been many human clinical trials looking into the potential of dietary supplementation to reduce the risk of cancer development or death. Since there have been studies on the advantages and downsides of antioxidants in the treatment of cancer, several considerations need to be deemed before administering antioxidant supplements. In conclusion, little is known about the mechanism underlying antioxidant effect in cancer treatment.
References
Ďuračková Z. Some current insights into oxidative stress. Physiol Res. 2010;59(4):459-69.
Jabs T. Reactive oxygen intermediates as mediators of programmed cell death in plants and animals. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999;57:231-45.
Morry J, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Yantasee W. Oxidative stress in cancer and fibrosis: Opportunity for therapeutic intervention with antioxidant compounds, enzymes, and nanoparticles. Redox Biol. 2017;1:240-53.
Poillet-Perez L, Despouy G, Delage-Mourroux R, Boyer-Guittaut M. Interplay between ROS and autophagy in cancer cells, from tumor initiation to cancer therapy. Redox Biol. 2015; 4:184-92.
Chio IIC, Tuveson DA. ROS in Cancer: The Burning Question. Trends Mol Med. 2017; 23(5):411-29.
Luo M, Zhou L, Huang Z, Li B, Nice EC, Xu J, et al. Antioxidant Therapy in Cancer: Rationale and Progress. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(6):1128.
Al-Dalaen SA, Al-Qtaitat AI. Review Article: Oxidative Stress versus antioxidant. Am J Biosci and Bioeng. 2014;2(5):60-71.
Farooqi AA, Mobeen I, Attar R, Noel KI, Xu B, Cho WC. Overview on signal transduction cascades regulation roles of garlic and its bioactive constituents. Food Science and Human Wellness. 2023; Available from: https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2022.9250196.
Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:8416763.
Wang J, Hu S, Nie S, Yu Q, Xie M. Reviews on Mechanisms of In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:5692852.
Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(1):44-84.
Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Scie. 2008;4(2):89-96.
Helfinger V, Henke N, Brandes PR, Schroder K. P 049. Hydrogen peroxide formation by Nox4 limits malignant transformation. Free Rad Biol. 2017;108(1):S34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.134.
Chatterjee S, Patil CR, Kundu CN. An Overview of Antioxidative Anticancer Therapies with Reference to the Cancer Stem Cells. In: Chakraborti S, eds. Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Therapeutic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. 2022; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5422-0_48.
Bisht S, Dada R. Oxidative stress: Major executioner in disease pathology, role in sperm DNA damage and preventive strategies. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 2017;9(3):420-47.
Bunaciu AA, Hassan Y, Aboul-Enein Serban F. FTIR Spectrophotometric Methods Used for Antioxidant Activity Assay in Medicinal Plants. Appl Spect Rev. 2012;47(4):245-55.
Poljsak B, Šuput D, Milisav I. Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: when to use the synthetic antioxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:956792.
Singh R, Upadhyaya RAK, Chandra AK, Singh DP. Sodium chloride incites reactive oxygen species in green algae Chlorococcum humicola and Chlorella vulgaris: Implication on lipid synthesis, mineral nutrients and antioxidant system. Biores Tech. 2018;270:489-97.
Kurutas EB. The importance of antioxidants which play the role in cellular response against oxidative/nitrosative stress: current state. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):71.
Nimse SB, Pal D. Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. RSC Adv. 2015;5:27986-28006.
Kopustinskiene DM, Jakstas V, Savickas A, Bernatoniene J. Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):457.
Aggarwal V, Tuli HS, Varol A, Thakral F, Yerer MB, Sak K, et al. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer Progression. Molecular Mechanisms and Recent Advancements. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):735.
Park HJ, Jeon YK, You DH, Nam MJ. Daidzein causes cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis via the bcl-2 family in human hepatic cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013;60:542-9.
Anantharaju PG, Gowda PC, Vimalambike MG, Madhunapantula SV. An overview on the role of dietary phenolics for the treatment of cancers. Nutr J. 2016;15(1):99.
Asci H, Ozmen O, Ellidag HY, Aydin B, Bas E, Yilmaz N. The impact of gallic acid on the methotrexate-induced kidney damage in rats. J Food Drug Anal. 2017;25(4):890-97.
Sourani Z, Pourgheysari B, Beshkar P, Shirzad H, Shirzad M. Gallic Acid Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line (C121). Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(6):525-30.
Khorsandi K, Kianmehr Z, Hosseinmardi Z, Hossienzadeh R. Anti-cancer effect of gallic acid in presence of low level laser irradiation: ROS production and induction of apoptosis and ferroptosis. Cancer Cell Int. 2020;20:18.
Zhao B, Hu M. Gallic acid reduces cell viability, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in human cervical cancer cells. Oncol lett. 2013;6(6):1749-55.
Aborehab NM, Osama N. Effect of Gallic acid in potentiating chemotherapeutic effect of Paclitaxel in HeLa cervical cancer cells. Can Cell Int. 2019;19:154.
Bhosale PB, Ha SE, Vetrivel P, Kim HH, Kim SM, Kim GS. Functions of polyphenols and its anticancer properties in biomedical research: a narrative review. Trans Can Res. 2020; 9(12):7619-31.
Abotaleb M, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Therapeutic Potential of Plant Phenolic Acids in the Treatment of Cancer. Biomol. 2020;10(2):221.
Tang HM, Cheung PCK. Gene expression profile analysis of gallic acid-induced cell death process. Sci Rep. 2021;11:16743.
Patterson RE, White E, Kristal AR, Neuhouser ML, Potter JD. Vitamin supplements and cancer risk: the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control. 1997;8(5):786-802.
Rautalahti MT, Virtamo JR, Taylor PR, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Haukka JK, et al. The effects of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of the pancreas in a randomized, controlled trial. Cancer. 1999; 86(1):37-42.
Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Virtanen M, Taylor PR, Malila N, Albanes D, et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on urinary tract cancer: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(10):933-9.
Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(3):197-205.
Wright ME, Virtamo J, Hartman AM, Pietinen P, Edwards BK, Taylor PR, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on upper aerodigestive tract cancers in a large, randomized controlled trial. Cancer. 2007;109(5):891-8.
Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159(12):824-34.
Lawenda BD, Kelly KM, Ladas EJ, Sagar SM, Vickers A, Blumberg JB. Should supplemental antioxidant administration be avoided during chemotherapy and radiation therapy? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(11):773-83.
Sayin VI, Ibrahim MX, Larsson E, Nilsson JA, Lindahl P, Bergo MO. Antioxidants accelerate lung cancer progression in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(221):221ra15.
Le Gal K, Ibrahim MX, Wiel C, Sayin VI, Akula MK, Karlsson C, et al. Antioxidants can increase melanoma metastasis in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(308):308re8.
Piskounova E, Agathocleous M, Murphy MM, Hu Z, Huddlestun SE, Zhao Z, et al. Oxidative stress inhibits distant metastasis by human melanoma cells. Nature. 2015; 527(7577):186-91.
Al-Kaabi M, Noel K, Al-Rubai A. Evaluation of immunohistochemical expression of stem cell markers (NANOG and CD133) in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant endometrium. J Med Life. 2022;15(1):117-23.
Attar R, Noel K, Romero MA, Sabitaliyevich UY, Yulaevna IM, Qureshi MZ. Regulatory role of circular RNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Role of circular RNAs in the progression of OSCC. Cell Mol Biol. 2023;69(8):250-57.
Noel KI, Ibraheem MM, Ahmed BS, Hameed AF, Khamees NH, Akkila SS. Expression of OCT4 Stem Cell Marker in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Normal Tissue Around the Prostatic Carcinoma in a Sample of Iraqi Patients. Egyptian Journal of Histology. 2020; 43(1):245-54.
El-Mahdy MA, Alzarie YA, Hemann C, Badary OA, Nofal S, Zweier JL. The novel SOD mimetic GC4419 increases cancer cell killing with sensitization to ionizing radiation while protecting normal cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2020;160:630-42.
Sishc BJ, Ding L, Nam TK, Heer CD, Rodman SN, Schoenfeld JD, Fath MA, Saha D, Pulliam CF, Langen B, et al. Avasopasem manganese synergizes with hypofractionated radiation to ablate tumors through the generation of hydrogen peroxide. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13:eabb3768.
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Siriraj Medical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following conditions:
Copyright Transfer
In submitting a manuscript, the authors acknowledge that the work will become the copyrighted property of Siriraj Medical Journal upon publication.
License
Articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license allows for the sharing of the work for non-commercial purposes with proper attribution to the authors and the journal. However, it does not permit modifications or the creation of derivative works.
Sharing and Access
Authors are encouraged to share their article on their personal or institutional websites and through other non-commercial platforms. Doing so can increase readership and citations.
