Beta-catenin expression and S100-positive stromal component in basal cell adenoma: a case report and literature reviews

Abstract

Objective : To study testicular abnormalities using ultrasound and compare the diagnostic findings between the gold standard and ultrasound results at Debaratana Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital.

Methods : This retrospective study investigated testicular abnormalities using ultrasound at Debaratana Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital. Data were collected from patients presenting with testicular abnormalities who received treatment between 2019 and 2023. Data were obtained from medical records, including basic patient information, symptom duration, testicular abnormalities, laboratory results, and diagnostic capability. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data, presenting the number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range (IQR).

Results : Among the 114 patients with testicular abnormalities, the average patient age was 46 years. Testicular abnormalities in the group with testicular pain accounted for 46.43%, which was a key symptom leading to examination. Masses outside the testis were found in 60.53% of cases, primarily hydrocele and inguinal hernia. When comparing the diagnostic accuracy, most cases showed consistent findings between ultrasound (US) and final diagnoses; however, some discrepancies were noted. Epididymo-orchitis was detected via US in 17 cases but confirmed in 14 cases upon final diagnosis, while focal inflammation was detected exclusively by US in 2 cases. Lymphoma was initially identified in 1 case via US but confirmed in 4 cases. Orchitis was detected in 3 cases via US but confirmed in 4 cases upon final diagnosis, and tuberculous orchitis was diagnosed only in 1 case during the final assessment.

Conclusion : Ultrasound is highly effective in diagnosing many testicular abnormalities; however, it has limitations in diagnosing certain tumors, such as lymphoma.