Physicochemical Properties, Antibacterial Activity, and Prototype Development of Herbal Products from Mangosteen Rind
Keywords:
α-mangostin, Physico-chemical quality, Garcinia mangostana L., Antibacterial, Prototype productAbstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L., family Clusiaceae) contains α-mangostin as its major active constituent, which exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical quality and to develop prototype products from mangosteen rind extract. Dried mangosteen rind samples were assessed for physicochemical quality according to the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2021, and the content of α-mangostin was analyzed using a developed HPLC-PDA method. The preparation of the mangosteen rind extract (GM2) was performed by extracting mangosteen rind with methanol, followed by solvent partitioning with ethyl acetate, and determining the α-mangostin content in the extract. Antibacterial activity against skin-pathogenic bacteria, including Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Propionic acnes, was evaluated using the disc diffusion method. Prototype formulations in the form of emulsion gel and ointment containing GM2 at concentrations of 1% and 2% (w/w) were then developed and subjected to stability testing following ICH Q1A(R2) guidelines. The results showed that mangosteen rind contained moisture content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water and ethanol extractive values (mean±SD) of 8.74±1.51%, 2.77±0.20%, 0.10±0.00%, 18.13±2.08%, and 25.91±4.85% (w/w), respectively. The α-mangostin contents in the raw material and extract were 4.78±0.86% and 16.14±2.26% (w/w), respectively. The GM2 extract exhibited antibacterial activity and contained 52.0% (w/w) of α-mangostin. In addition, the emulsion gel formulation was more stable than emulsion ointment with a content of more than 80% α-mangostin after 6 months of storage under accelerated conditions at 40±2°C and 75±5% RH. This study demonstrated the potential of mangosteen rind extract to be developed as a high-quality antibacterial herbal product. The findings can be useful as a prototype for industrial development and provide a guideline for quality control of herbal products in the future.
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