Factors Associated with Bacterial Peritonitis of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the factors associated with bacterial peritonitis and type of bacterial infection of patients with chronic renal failure with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Methods: This study was hospital base case –control study (Case: Control = 1:1). All data were collected from medical records of patients with chronic kidney disease who were received continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis at Roi Et Hospital during January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017. Cases were 121 patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and have bacterial peritonitis. Controls were 121 patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and without bacterial peritonitis. The statistical analysis included descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, and standard deviation), chi square test, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. The statistically significant was set at p-value <0.05.Results: The case most of them were female 57.85%, mean age 53.61 years (SD=10.90), and marital status was couple 66.94%. Of control of them were female 66.94%, mean age 53.72 years (SD=11.35), and marital status was couple 68.60%. The top five of bacterial cause of infection were Staphylococcus coagulase negative methicillin resistant 17.36%, Staphylococcus coagulase negative 9.92 %, Staphylococcus aureus 9.92%, Klebsiella pneumonia 9.92%, Escherichia coli 8.26 %, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6.61%. After adjusted by sex and age, the factors associated with bacterial peritonitis of patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were patients with diabetes mellitus (ORAdj.= 3.10; 96%IC: 1.33-15.24), patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension (ORAdj.= 2.92; 96%IC: 1.26-6.76), blood sugar > 140 mg/dl (ORAdj.= 2.85; 96%IC: 1.48-1.50), and serum albumin < 3.5mg/dl (ORAdj.= 1.72; 96%IC: 1.41-5.28)
Conclusion: Patients with chronic kidney disease and received continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis were has diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, blood sugar > 140 mg/dl, and serum albumin < 3.5 mg/dl were factors associated with bacterial peritonitis. Patients who were in the risk group should have a special care from public heath staffs.
Keywords: Bacteria; Chronic kidney disease; Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
References
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Davenport A. Peritonitis remains the major clinical complication of peritoneal dialysis: the London, UK, peritonitis audit 2002-2003. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2009;29:297–302.
Brown MC, Simpson K, Kerssens JJ, Mactier RA, Scottish Renal Registry. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis rates and outcomes in a national cohort are not improving in the post-millennium (2000-2007). Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2011;31:639–50.
Liawnoraset W. Prevalence and factors affecting peritonitis in CAPD patients in Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital under universal coverage scheme during 2008-2010: a three-year experience. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94:S19-24.
Lin H-C, Peng C-H, Chiou J-Y, Huang C-N. Physical activity is associated with decreased incidence of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Prim Care Diabetes 2014;8:315–21.
Shulman A, Peltonen M, Sjöström CD, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Taube M, Sjöholm K, et al. Incidence of end-stage renal disease following bariatric surgery in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study. Int J Obes 2018 26; 245-67
Zhang Q, Wang L, Zeng H, Lv Y, Huang Y. Epidemiology and risk factors in CKD patients with pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective study. BMC Nephrol 2018 20;19:70.
Yip T, Tse K-C, Lam M-F, Tang S, Li F-K, Choy B-Y, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2006;26:191–7.
Ghali JR, Bannister KM, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, Johnson DW, et al. Microbiology and outcomes of peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2011;31:651–62.
Szeto C-C, Kwan BC-H, Chow K-M, Lau M-F, Law M-C, Chung K-Y, et al. Coagulase negative staphylococcal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: review of 232 consecutive cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 2008;3:91–7.
Govindarajulu S, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 503 cases. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2010;30:311–9.
Ariano RE, Franczuk C, Fine A, Harding GKM, Zelenitsky SA. Challenging the current treatment paradigm for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2002;22:335–8.
Szeto C-C, Chow K-M, Chung K-Y, Kwan BC-H, Leung C-B, Li PK-T. The clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium species. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc 2005;20:2793–6.
Szeto CC, Chow KM, Leung CB, Wong TY, Wu AK, Wang AY, et al. Clinical course of peritonitis due to Pseudomonas species complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 104 cases. Kidney Int 2001;59:2309–15.
Szeto C-C, Chow VC-Y, Chow K-M, Lai RW-M, Chung K-Y, Leung C-B, et al. Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 210 consecutive cases. Kidney Int 2006;69:1245–52.
Galvao C, Swartz R, Rocher L, Reynolds J, Starmann B, Wilson D. Acinetobacter peritonitis during chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 1989;14:101–4.
Siva B, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Pseudomonas peritonitis in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 191 cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2009;4:957–64.
Holley JL, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Piraino B. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in an outpatient peritoneal dialysis program. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 1990;16:142–6.
Yap DYH, To KKW, Yip TPS, Lui SL, Chan TM, Lai KN, et al. Streptococcus bovis peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis--a review of 10 years’ experience. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2012;32:55–9.
Kerr CM, Perfect JR, Craven PC, Jorgensen JH, Drutz DJ, Shelburne JD, et al. Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:334–6.
Bren A. Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol 1998;17:839–43.
Feng X, Yang X, Yi C, Guo Q, Mao H, Jiang Z, et al. Escherichia coli Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and clinical outcomes in a South China dialysis center. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2014;34:308–16.
Barraclough K, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Polymicrobial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 2010;55:121–31.
Oxton LL, Zimmerman SW, Roecker EB, Wakeen M. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 1994;14:137–44.
Choi P, Nemati E, Banerjee A, Preston E, Levy J, Brown E. Peritoneal dialysis catheter removal for acute peritonitis: a retrospective analysis of factors associated with catheter removal and prolonged postoperative hospitalization. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 2004;43:103–11.
Bunnag S, Thanakitcharu P, Krairittichai U, Jirajan B, Meenune W, Kanjanapanth C. Risk factors of infectious peritonitis of CAPD patients in Rajavithi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94:S37-43.
Narksawat K, Danchaivijitr S, Siripanichgon K, Rongrungrueng Y. Risk factors for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infection. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:1633–9.
Bunnag S, Thanakitcharu P, Krairittichai U, Jirajan B, Meenune W, Kanjanapanth C. Risk factors of infectious peritonitis of CAPD patients in Rajavithi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94 Suppl 4:S37-43.
Ur-Rehman K, Housawi A, Al-Jifri A, Kielar M, Al-Ghamdi SMG. Peritoneal dialysis for chronic kidney disease patients: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant Off Publ Saudi Cent Organ Transplant Saudi Arab 2011;22:581–6.
Davenport A. Peritonitis remains the major clinical complication of peritoneal dialysis: the London, UK, peritonitis audit 2002-2003. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2009;29:297–302.
Brown MC, Simpson K, Kerssens JJ, Mactier RA, Scottish Renal Registry. Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis rates and outcomes in a national cohort are not improving in the post-millennium (2000-2007). Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2011;31:639–50.
Liawnoraset W. Prevalence and factors affecting peritonitis in CAPD patients in Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital under universal coverage scheme during 2008-2010: a three-year experience. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94:S19-24.
Lin H-C, Peng C-H, Chiou J-Y, Huang C-N. Physical activity is associated with decreased incidence of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes patients: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan. Prim Care Diabetes 2014;8:315–21.
Shulman A, Peltonen M, Sjöström CD, Andersson-Assarsson JC, Taube M, Sjöholm K, et al. Incidence of end-stage renal disease following bariatric surgery in the Swedish Obese Subjects Study. Int J Obes 2018 26; 245-67
Zhang Q, Wang L, Zeng H, Lv Y, Huang Y. Epidemiology and risk factors in CKD patients with pulmonary hypertension: a retrospective study. BMC Nephrol 2018 20;19:70.
Yip T, Tse K-C, Lam M-F, Tang S, Li F-K, Choy B-Y, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli peritonitis in CAPD patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2006;26:191–7.
Ghali JR, Bannister KM, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, Johnson DW, et al. Microbiology and outcomes of peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2011;31:651–62.
Szeto C-C, Kwan BC-H, Chow K-M, Lau M-F, Law M-C, Chung K-Y, et al. Coagulase negative staphylococcal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: review of 232 consecutive cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN 2008;3:91–7.
Govindarajulu S, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis in Australian peritoneal dialysis patients: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 503 cases. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2010;30:311–9.
Ariano RE, Franczuk C, Fine A, Harding GKM, Zelenitsky SA. Challenging the current treatment paradigm for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2002;22:335–8.
Szeto C-C, Chow K-M, Chung K-Y, Kwan BC-H, Leung C-B, Li PK-T. The clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Corynebacterium species. Nephrol Dial Transplant Off Publ Eur Dial Transpl Assoc - Eur Ren Assoc 2005;20:2793–6.
Szeto CC, Chow KM, Leung CB, Wong TY, Wu AK, Wang AY, et al. Clinical course of peritonitis due to Pseudomonas species complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 104 cases. Kidney Int 2001;59:2309–15.
Szeto C-C, Chow VC-Y, Chow K-M, Lai RW-M, Chung K-Y, Leung C-B, et al. Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 210 consecutive cases. Kidney Int 2006;69:1245–52.
Galvao C, Swartz R, Rocher L, Reynolds J, Starmann B, Wilson D. Acinetobacter peritonitis during chronic peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 1989;14:101–4.
Siva B, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Pseudomonas peritonitis in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes in 191 cases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol CJASN. 2009;4:957–64.
Holley JL, Bernardini J, Johnston JR, Piraino B. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections in an outpatient peritoneal dialysis program. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 1990;16:142–6.
Yap DYH, To KKW, Yip TPS, Lui SL, Chan TM, Lai KN, et al. Streptococcus bovis peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis--a review of 10 years’ experience. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2012;32:55–9.
Kerr CM, Perfect JR, Craven PC, Jorgensen JH, Drutz DJ, Shelburne JD, et al. Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:334–6.
Bren A. Fungal peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol 1998;17:839–43.
Feng X, Yang X, Yi C, Guo Q, Mao H, Jiang Z, et al. Escherichia coli Peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and clinical outcomes in a South China dialysis center. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 2014;34:308–16.
Barraclough K, Hawley CM, McDonald SP, Brown FG, Rosman JB, Wiggins KJ, et al. Polymicrobial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in Australia: predictors, treatment, and outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 2010;55:121–31.
Oxton LL, Zimmerman SW, Roecker EB, Wakeen M. Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis-related infections. Perit Dial Int J Int Soc Perit Dial 1994;14:137–44.
Choi P, Nemati E, Banerjee A, Preston E, Levy J, Brown E. Peritoneal dialysis catheter removal for acute peritonitis: a retrospective analysis of factors associated with catheter removal and prolonged postoperative hospitalization. Am J Kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found 2004;43:103–11.
Bunnag S, Thanakitcharu P, Krairittichai U, Jirajan B, Meenune W, Kanjanapanth C. Risk factors of infectious peritonitis of CAPD patients in Rajavithi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94:S37-43.
Narksawat K, Danchaivijitr S, Siripanichgon K, Rongrungrueng Y. Risk factors for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii nosocomial infection. J Med Assoc Thai 2007;90:1633–9.
Bunnag S, Thanakitcharu P, Krairittichai U, Jirajan B, Meenune W, Kanjanapanth C. Risk factors of infectious peritonitis of CAPD patients in Rajavithi Hospital. J Med Assoc Thail Chotmaihet Thangphaet 2011;94 Suppl 4:S37-43.
Ur-Rehman K, Housawi A, Al-Jifri A, Kielar M, Al-Ghamdi SMG. Peritoneal dialysis for chronic kidney disease patients: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transplant Off Publ Saudi Cent Organ Transplant Saudi Arab 2011;22:581–6.
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2019-06-18
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สังซา ณ. (2019). Factors Associated with Bacterial Peritonitis of Patients with Chronic Renal Failure with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Mahasarakham Hospital Journal, 15(2), 44–56. retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/MKHJ/article/view/195465
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