Effect of Tongue Resistance Training on the Improvement of Handgrip Strength in Individuals with Possible Sarcopenia: A Prospective Study

Abstract

Objective : To determine the effect of an 8-week tongue resistance training program on handgrip strength and tongue pressure in middle-aged and older adults at high risk for sarcopenia.

Methods : This prospective pre–post pilot study was conducted in 38 participants aged 55 years and older who received care at a geriatric clinic. Participants performed daily tongue resistance exercises continuously for 8 weeks. Handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer, and tongue pressure was assessed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) both before and after the intervention. Baseline data on nutritional status (using the Mini Nutritional Assessment, MNA) and physical activity levels were also collected. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize participant characteristics, and paired t-tests were used to compare handgrip strength and tongue pressure before and after the intervention. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results : After 8 weeks, handgrip strength increased by 1.4±2.5 kg (p=0.002), and tongue pressure increased by 6.0±9.1 kPa (p<0.001). The most pronounced improvements were observed in participants with low baseline handgrip strength, particularly females.

Conclusion : Tongue resistance training significantly improved both orofacial and systemic muscle function. This approach may complement traditional sarcopenia management by enhancing swallowing ability and overall muscle strength.