Anticancer potential of Momordica charantia L.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is a major global public health problem with a continually increasing mortality rate. Despite the rising incidence, advancements in modern therapeutics and integrative treatment approaches have significantly improved cancer control outcomes. One therapeutic approach that has gained increasing attention is the use of medicinal plants as adjunctive therapies, such as Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon), which exhibits pharmacological activities related to anticancer effects.
Objective: To review scientific evidence and research findings regarding the anticancer potential of Momordica charantia L. and to evaluate its safety profile for potential medical application.
Method of study: Relevant studies were retrieved from recognized national and international scientific databases. Data were synthesized and analyzed to summarize key findings related to the phytochemistry, mechanisms of action, anticancer effects, and safety of Momordica charantia L.
Results: Momordica charantia L. contains several bioactive compounds such as charantin, momordicin, cucurbitane, and vicine. These compounds prevent cancer cells proliferation, induce apoptosis, and suppress metastasis. Evidence from in vitro and animal studies supports its anticancer activity against various cancer types, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. Momordica charantia L. extracts have also been reported to enhance Natural Killer cells (NK cells) cells and reduce the risk of drug resistance. Toxicological studies suggest low toxicity, with no observed hepatic or renal damage and no behavioral abnormalities in animals even at high doses. However, caution is advised when using Momordica charantia L. in pregnant women, children, and individuals with chronic liver conditions.
Conclusion: Momordica charantia L. demonstrates substantial potential as an adjunctive option in cancer management owing to its multiple anticancer mechanisms. Further well-designed clinical studies are required to validate its efficacy and safety before it can be systematically integrated into clinical practice.
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